IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2019 - 29
power to operate at the optimal point.
unit j in the system by changing
The same procedure is repeated for
power generation to power demand
Maintaining a reliable
the other DERs in the MG.
set points. At the same time, the gosand secure power supTo achieve the required communisiping partner j gossiped with unit x
cation between DERs in the grid, an
to keep all units working at equal marply is critical in any
ginal cost (the variation of total cost
evolutionary-game-theory-based techcountry; therefore, MG
with respect to variation of the genernique could be implemented to manage
ated power). Figure 11 illustrates the
and
control the power by local inforcontrol and managetertiary control building block and
mation. Implementing gossip-based
ment systems are very
how different DERs are matching at
tertiary control can help in achieving
the same marginal cost. In addition,
real-time power redistribution, which
important.
some examples of the marginal-cost
is considered a significant feature from
curves for various DER units are
the economic point of view. A gossipgiven, such as a fuel-based generator,
based algorithm that uses an overlay
renewable generator, intelligent load, storage unit, and
communication network incorporating communication can
be used for optimization purposes, which extends the MG to
reactive power-producing unit. The marginal cost is
the concept of autonomous electricity networks.
matching by changing both power generation and demand
set points, where ΔPter is the change in power offset and
the corresponding marginal cost [14]. The gossiping proceConclusions
dure for tertiary control is choosing random-output set
Future power grids will deal with systems with multiple
points, Po, I and Po, j, for the ith DER and its random gossipMGs. It will be necessary to build and develop a control system that is able to manage and coordinate the power trading
ing partner, the jth DER. Based on the marginal cost curve
between MGs and the utility power grid at the same time.
of the DERs, the optimal output power will be determined.
Three levels of control can be used.
At that time, each of the two DERs will change its output
C
Fuel-Based
Generator
P
C
Renewable
Generator
C
P
Smart
Load
P
C∆P,i
Near Empty
C∆P,j
Empty
C
Full
Near Full
C
Psec
∆Pter
Storage
Unit
C
P
Copt
Reactive
Power
Q
+
ξ
∆P
Marginal Cost Curves
+
∆Pter
+
Σ
Σ
Pter
+
1
Z
FIG 11 A tertiary control-block diagram.
June 2019
z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE
29
IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2019
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