IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2021 - 64

seen in later cycles like capacity fading [8], [10]. Only a slow
C-rate (like for example, C/10) and an improved electrolyte
composition allow a homogeneous formation and thus
guarantees a stable cycling and fast charging [10], [11], [13],
[14]. In order to fully describe the lithiation, the following
schematic models the consequences and impact of cycling
parameters and geometry designs (see Figures 4 and 5).
Temperature
Since the electrodes have to perform at any temperature or
circumstance, it is important to understand and improve
their behavior under various outer conditions. As Li-ion batteries
perform well at room temperature, every increase in
temperature has to be evaluated since its impact can influence
a) the electrodes itself, b) the electrolytes, c) the separators
and the complete housing. Although, the battery and
its performance is always monitored with a battery management
system, the consequences of a temperature increase
has to be evaluated.
In case of a temperature increase up to 70 °C, the lithium-containing
battery electrolyte starts to degrade. With a
high-thermal capacitance coating around the Si wires, it is
possible to improve the cycling performance of the anodes
also at elevated temperatures (Figure 6).
Cu Current Collector
Si Microwire
Full Lithiation Possible
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Discharge
Unlimited
40%
<100>
Kinetic Limitation
20%
Charge
Limited
Delithiation Limited, Li Remaining
05 10 15 20
Cycle Number
(a)
25 30 35
20 µm
<100>
(b)
(c)
FIG 4 (a) State-of-charge (SoC) development with Si microwire anodes [15], (b) development of the specific capacity with cycle number,
a schematic with a corresponding SEM image of Si microwires, (c) schematic overview of the lithiation and delithiation behavior.
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
20% SOC
40% SOC
60% SOC
75% SOC
60%
<100>
Charge
Discharge
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000
Specific Capacity (mAh/g)
2,500 3,000
FIG 5 Typical galvanostatic curves with SoC limitation ranging
from 20 to 75% SoC. For all of the figures, the corresponding
charging as well as discharging curve is shown here. As seen in
the figure are the differences in slope, which are characteristic
for a specific lithium-silicide phase.
64 IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE z June 2021
20 30 40 50
Without
With High
Thermal Coating
Temperature (°C)
60 70 80
FIG 6 Temperature influence on cycling. Cycling Si microwire
anodes under temperature leads to a decrease in capacity.
Only with a coating of nanoparticles having a high thermal
capacity, the capacity could be stabilized.
Potential vs. Li/Li+ (V)
Specific Capacity (mAh/g)
Specific Capacity (mAh/g)

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2021

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