Battery Integration Through Power Electronics Traditionally, conventional battery systems for grid connection utilize a BMS, a dc-dc power converter stage and a dc-ac power inverter stage [16], shown in Figure 7. The BMS Battery Pack dc BMS dc BMS Passive Shunt Active Capacitive/ Inductive Converter FIG 7 Power stages for classical application connected to the ac grid. Battery Pack Sensoring Cell Voltages Bus Voltage Current Temperatures Data Analysis Information SoC SoE SoH Power Capability Impedance Power Electronics Protection (Short-Circuit, Overload) Isolation of Failed Cells Regulation of Charging States Thermal Management Provision of Overload Capability Balancing if SoH FIG 8 Battery management system. June 2021 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 65 Isolated dc/dc Non Isolated Two Level Partial Power Processing Full Power Processing dc/ac Multilevel ac dc is required for safe and reliable operation of battery storage systems. A dc-dc conversion stage is advantageous to achieve a sufficient voltage level, which is limited by the cell voltages of the batteries, being similar for Li-ion battery Intelligent Management Hidden Input Output