IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2023 - 30

FIG 1 Clemson University 14.3 MW CHP plant.
Using Siemens Energy's multi-model energy system optimization
software, the various electric, heating, and cooling
energy demands were analyzed for the entire campus. The
optimization model was formulated as a mixed-integer linear
program based on an energy superstructure approach,
considering both the existing energy assets along with the
following new assets under consideration: an on-campus
PV array, solar power purchase agreement (PPA), Li-ion
battery energy storage, chilled water storage, and thermal
storage as well as the ability to co-fire H2 in the on-campus
combined-cycle CHP facility.
The optimization problem was formulated for a reference
year using a model that assumes perfect foresight
(with forecasted referenced data)
with an hourly resolution which
allowed the model to capture intraday
fluctuations in energy supply
and demand while still allowing for
optimization over a typical year. The
optimization model solves for
the
lowest net present cost of supplying
the required energy demands under
varying CO2 emissions constraints.
A reference scenario was solved
only considering the existing campus
assets without a CO2 constraint
to establish a baseline for comparison
to further scenarios. To
determine the most cost-effective pathway to decarbonizing
the Clemson University campus, an additional five
scenarios were analyzed with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and
100% reduction of CO2 levels from the reference scenario
as a model constraint. In this model, H2 is assumed to be
available whenever needed with two scenarios assuming
either $4.50/kg or $2.00/kg as shown in Figure 2 [4].
To decarbonize the campus, the least-cost solutions
Technology
advancements and
cost reductions will be
required before
hydrogen storage can
become a viable longduration
storage
option.
30 IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE z June 2023
consist of a combination of various technologies and
assets. The operating (OPEX) and capital costs (CAPEX)
described here as TOTEX. Scenarios above 60% CO2 reduction
see a significant TOTEX costs that increase greater
than 2×. With a hydrogen price of $2.00/kg, hydrogen is
selected for 40% CO2 reduction scenario
in combination with Li-Ion batteries.
For deep decarbonization, it's
not hydrogen " or " battery energy storage
systems (BESS) but rather hydrogen
" and " BESS to address both the
heat and electricity demand for short
and longer term.
Although, using hydrogen in reelectrification
or CHP applications
does not provide least cost generation
today, it is a deep decarbonization
technology for the future.
Technology advancements and cost
reductions will be required before

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2023

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