IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2023 - 58

such as autonomous sensor nodes is evaluated. The white
paper provides an overview of energy harvesting, ranging
from state-of-art technology research, through barriers in
developing commercial off-the-shelf products, to a critical
assessment of several EH powered wireless sensor
case studies. Issues in cost-benefit and life-cycle impacts
are identified. For these issues, a concerted strategy in
research and technology is recommended, incorporating
disruptive industrial product developments, and innovations
to ensure that the advantages of EH are utilized in
widespread future IoT deployment. Building on the findings
of that work, this article provides a brief overview of
key innovation and emerging
research needs in order
to increase the suitability
and readiness of energy
harvesting technology for
industrial applications.
Introduction
FIG 1 Evolution of number of IoT devices per person at worldwide scale, calculated from publicly
available data [2].
EH devices have gathered
attention in the IoT community,
including public funding
bodies and various industry
sectors in recent years. The
central objective is to address
the power autonomy challenges
of the dramatically
increasing number of interconnected
devices. Indicatively,
the global number of
IoT devices per person is
expected to rise beyond 10 in
the short term, as shown in
Figure 1 [2]. These challenges
are especially important
because the cost of portable
power is over three orders of
magnitude higher than that of
the electrical grid. An indicative
cost comparison is illustrated
in Figure 2 [2]. Many
valid technologies have been
investigated, leading to a substantial
set of state-of-the-art
devices. In [3] and [4] a wide
range of underlying principles
and concepts are described.
These concepts are usually at
technology readiness level
(TRL) 2 or TRL 3 [5].
Over the years, these comFIG
2 Cost of energy from various sources and in various forms, from publicly available statistics
and prices [2].
58 IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE z June 2023
ponents have been integrated
and successfully tested in use
case scenarios, reaching TRL
3 or even 4. However, the validation
of energy harvesting
power supplies in industrially
relevant environments often
fails due to insufficient matching
to operational system
requirements. Even though

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2023

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