IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2023 - 61

a typical power management architecture is shown in
Figure 8. The challenge of efficient cold-starting, especially
in combination with low-voltage rectification,
offers an open opportunity for enhancing state-of-theart
EH power supplies. The additional exploitation of
ambient energy, such as motion as a direct switching
mechanism, has shown significant potential for expanding
the applicability of EH to weaker energy sources
[20]. Furthermore, actively driving the EH transducers
by techniques such as piezoelectric pre-biasing [21] and
synchronized switch-on inductor [22], has been shown
to improve power density and should be considered
further. Super-capacitors are increasingly favored as
buffer energy stores in harvester systems due to their
high power density and number of charge cycles; however,
their relatively high leakage currents are a barrier
to wider adoption, which
needs to be addressed in further
research [23].
Another advantage of energy
harvesters over batteries for
wireless applications is the time
extension between maintenance
events. For
this advantage to
be realized, harvester devices
must achieve high mean-timebetween-failure
(MTBF) values,
ideally of many years. Significant
work remains in this area. For
example, long-term degradation
of piezoelectric material (PZT)
performance has been shown,
but there is promise in using prestress
to keep the active material
always in compression [24].
The advantage of EH over
batteries will be absolute in
cases where the operating environment
prevents the use of
electrolytic components due to
excess
temperatures.
Therefore,
development of harvesting
solutions fully compatible with
such extreme environments is
an attractive topic for
future
work. Since batteries will also
be excluded as storage in such
cases, alternatives will be
needed, for example, mechanical
energy storage.
As discussed, energy harvesters
tend to require specific
designs for each application
scenario. The lack of universal
devices, particularly compared
to batteries and radio
FIG 6 Modular design for flux funnelling inductive harvesting from power lines [18].
FIG 5 Flux funneling inductive energy harvester, from [17].
FIG 7 RFID like Flexible Tag Microlab, a 2D foil integrated system, from [19].
June 2023 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 61

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - June 2023

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