of the original work. The court of the fair use analysis. The appeals appeals cited instances of Java licenscourt found that only 170 lines of code ees sw itch i ng to were necessary to Android from Java wr ite the A PIs in or demanding disJava while Google Fair use is appropriate counts in Oracle's copied 11,500 lines, for copying that does licensing fees due to weig h i ng aga i nst not materially impair the A ndroid softfinding fair use. the marketability of ware competition. The fourth factor the original work. This factor weighs i s t h e c o p y i n g 's against a finding of effect on the potenfair use. Weighing tial market for the the various factors, the court concludcopyright owner's work. Fair use is ed that Google did not have a fair use appropriate for copying that does not defense and found liability. materially impair the marketability In 1980, Congress specifically made software protectable by copyright and recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions have made it very difficult to protect software by patents, so it will be interesting to watch how that series of principles plays out in the Supreme Court's decision in the Java ca se. I f neit her patent nor copyright can protect software, creators will have to rely on trade secrets as the exclusive way to safeguard their innovations. power line surge protection devices for any power system THERMALLY PROTECTED HE SERIES 120 to 600 volts and 25 to 300 kA per phase UL 1449 4th edition certified Contact us today for a catalog, quote, or to begin a new design! Visit us in Booth #724 www.deantechnology.com 54 IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE z March 2020http://www.deantechnology.com