IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022 - 22

be made locally; thus, they operate in the decentralized
mode, as presented in Figure 1. Each utility, substation,
consumer, prosumer, or any other physical asset on the
grid can therefore be represented by a TN. The transmitted
data between each TN and the system (or market)
operator depend on the type of the asset represented by
the TN and its positioning on the grid. For example, for
a residential microgrid, its stability can be reinforced
through energy sharing amongst TNs (representing the
neighborhood players), taking into account existing local
resources and acting independent of the main grid. These
types of TNs can be addressed as End User's Transactive
Nodes (EUTNs), which are smart energy nodes collaborating
to achieve system and local goals, with metering,
processing, communication and integration capabilities
of renewable resources and energy storage devices. The
aggregation of several EUTNs will lead to the establishment
of simple transactive nodes (STNs), which can be
virtual or physical. STNs are considered as a gateway
between end-users (customers-EUTN) and the upstream
actors of the grid (wholesale markets, DSOs, independent
system operators (ISOs) or TSOs). For the upstream
side, one can consider Transactive Top nodes (TTNs) and
Transactive End Nodes (TENs). TTNs act as interface
between the DSO and TSO networks, and the TENs function
as points of common coupling wherein hosting capacities
are defined by the utility or limitations imposed on
injection into or withdrawal from the distribution grid [9].
Several PE devices can be key players, as end-user
EUTN physical devices in the future TE paradigm. Energy
Router (ER) [10], Power Router (PR) [11], Green Power
Node (GPN) [12], and Grid-Forming Inverter (GFI) [13]
can provide additional degrees of flexibility by integrating
at the same point of common coupling: local renewable
distributed generation, local loads, and local storage
systems. For gateway nodes (STN, TTN or TEN), other
PEs will play a key role in this future architecture, such as
a Smart Transformer (ST), which is a promising asset to
replace a classical transformer with higher power density,
higher efficiency, modular architecture, and improved
capabilities [14]. Because they are key assets of the future
grid that includes many PE devices, it is fundamental to
assure its compatibility within Smart Grid standardization
efforts. The European mandate M/490 defines the
Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), presented in
Figure 2 with its three dimensions: domains, zones, and
interoperability layers [15]. TN physical devices should
fit well into the SGAM architecture, positioning themselves
all across the interoperability layers, covering
the process and field zones going from the customer's
premises to the distribution and transmission domains.
In fact, being at the same time energy and power devices
(their traditional function) as well as a supervisory and
control device (SCADA related) allows an easy mapping
in the SGAM model, which is represented in the figure by
a red pyramid.
Transactive
TTN Top Node
TEN
STN
EUTN
Transactive
End Node
Simple
Transactive Node
End User's
Transactive Node
Energy
Community
Manager
DSO
Energy
Community
Manager
TSO
DSO
FIG 1 Transactive energy nodes across the power system.
22 IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE z March 2022
IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022
