IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022 - 25

from Figure 4(a) is mostly used for small buildings with the
power demand of up to several kW. More powerful architectures
typically employ high-voltage dc coupling of PV and
battery energy storage, as shown in Figure 4(b). In that case,
the series string of PV panels or a high-voltage battery are
connected via the MPPT and SoC controllers directly to the
dc bus of the grid-side inverter, thus avoiding the need for
galvanically isolated step-up dc-dc converters [10]. Considering
the best trade-off between the complexity, performance,
and the realization cost, this approach is widely adopted in
industrial hybrid solar inverters5 and smart energy centers6.
The approaches shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b) are
mostly used to increase the energy resilience by providing
5 https://www.solaxpower.com/single-phase-hybrid/
6 https://solar.huawei.com/eu/residential
the back-up power in the case of a grid outage and to
maximize energy independence of a building through selfconsumption.
In addition, the ER architecture presented
in Figure 4(c) [17] offers additional opportunity to build a
hybrid nanogrid, where the interaction of DER and ES as
well as power delivery to the residential loads can be realized
employing both ac and dc power buses. This system
is built using a back-to-back inverter architecture, where
the intermediate dc bus is intended for the connection of
DER and ES devices, similar to the approach presented in
Figure 4(b). Despite its more complex multi-inverter architecture,
the ER from Figure 4(c) provides the frequency
and power quality isolation between the utility and the
nanogrid; therefore, the voltage or frequency fluctuation
at the utility side has no impact on the voltage or power
in a building. The building-side inverter operates in a
Energy Router
Home Systems and Appliances
STS
Grid
R1
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
MPPT
LED
Lighting
SoC
USB-C Power Delivery
Optional
Optional
Generation and
Storage
Grid
R1
Filter
Rectifier
Energy Router
GISC
(c)
Generation and
Storage
MPPT
SoC
USB-C
Power Delivery
Generation and
Storage
(d)
FIG 4 (Continued) (c) ER with increased flexibility for establishing the residential hybrid nanogrid; (d) ER for dc houses.
March 2022 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 25
LED Lighting
Home Systems and Appliances

https://www.solaxpower.com/single-phase-hybrid/ https://solar.huawei.com/eu/residential

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022

Contents
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IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2022 - Contents
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