IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2023 - 35

FIG 12 Core stages of ac-ac VSDs (the full grid-side EMI filters are not shown). (a) Voltage-source converter (VSC) with first-stage
input and output common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) filters, and boost-buck functionality. (b) Current-source converter
(CSC) with MBDSs, integrated first-stage CM and DM filters, and buck-boost functionality. Note that a CSC commutation cell comprises
three MBDSs and that the main magnetic components are shared between the converter stages.
FIG 13 VSDs based on ac-ac matrix converters. (a) Indirect matrix converter (IMC) [24], i.e., a back-to-back configuration of a current-source
rectifier (CSR) and a voltage-source inverter (VSI) without intermediate energy storage elements. (b) Direct matrix converter
(DMC) [2], [3] obtained from merging the IMC's two stages, achieving ac-ac conversion with the minimum of only nine BDSs.
(c) and (d) show current-direction-dependent four-step commutation sequences [25] for DMCs [and also for CSC commutation cells,
see Figure 12(b)] using dual-gate MBDSs; the second row shows the functional equivalent circuit for each step. Note that safe commutations
are achieved regardless of the applied voltage polarity.
MBDSs as shown in Figure 12(b). In the future, however,
this perceived complexity increase might become irrelevant
with further integration of MBDSs, gate drives, and
possibly sensing electronics and commutation logic into
intelligent CSR/CSI commutation cell modules.
As the instantaneous power flow of (symmetric) threephase
systems is constant, it is in principle not necessary
to provide an energy buffer (capacitor, inductor) in the
dc-link of an ac-ac VSD. Omitting this energy storage element
is the key idea of matrix converters such as the indirect
matrix converter (IMC) [24] shown in Figure 13(a),
i.e., a back-to-back arrangement of a CSR and a VSI, featuring
a voltage dc-link with strictly positive voltage but
without an energy storage capacitor. The two converter
stages can be integrated, resulting in the direct matrix
converter (DMC) [2], [3] that realizes ac-ac conversion
with a minimum of only nine BDSs, as shown in Figure
13(b). Both topologies, IMC and DMC, are limited to
buck operation; specifically, the maximum motor voltage
Vm is limited to Vm ≤ √3/2 ∙Vg ≈ 0.86 Vg, where Vg is the grid
voltage. Note further that the DMC [and, for that matter,
also the commutation cells of CSCs, see Figure 12(b)]
March 2023 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 35

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - March 2023

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