IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2014 - 16
technology, more suppliers entered
the space. Soon, there were more than
a dozen suppliers of PWM controller
ICs by early 2000.
With microprocessors becoming
more powerful and demanding more
current to process data much faster,
VRMs were demanding faster controllers capable of handling 100 A or
more output current at low voltages,
with a much faster slew rate. To address these requirements, suppliers
started developing multiphase synchronous PWM controllers offering
three or more phases per chip [6]. Linear Technology's Flatness claims that
its three-phase synchronous currentmode controller with onboard MOSFET drivers, LTC3730/3731 (Figure 5),
released in November 2002, was the
industry's first. Per the product data
sheet, the three-phase technique effectively tripled the fundamental frequency, improved transient response
while operating each controller at an
optimal frequency for efficiency and
ease of thermal design [7]. Switching
frequency per phase is up to 600 kHz.
Additionally, light load efficiency is
optimized by using a choice of output
joined the race with the introduction
of the HIP6301/02/03 family. As fastresponding VRMs began to adopt the
Corporation responded with the synchronous LTC1628/9, which was released in March 1999 [5]. Intersil soon
L
IIN
VO
C
RL
+
Kd
VIN
Analog Blocks
d
A/D
DPWM
(ZOH)
VO(n)
U(n)
G(z)
E(n)
+
VREF
Digital Power
Controller
fig 6 A conceptual digital power controller. (Figure courtesy of Bob Mammano, from
a 2007 APEC Plenary Talk.)
Input Voltage Bus
ILIM (0,1)
DLY (0,1)
SS (0,1)
V (0,1) FC (0,1)
PG EN MGN
TACH
Digital
Compensator
Sync
Gen
SYNC
BST
D-PWM
GH
MOSFET SW
Drivers GL
ADC
- VSEN
R
+
DAC
ISENB
ISENA
ADC
SALRT
SDA
SCL
SA (0, 1)
SMBUS
VDD
Communication
VOut
NLR
PLL
REFCN
VR
VR LDO
Power Management
VTRK
VDD
ADC
MUX
VSEN
XTEMP
TEMP
SENSOR
fig 7 The block diagram of Zilker Labs' digital power controller ZL2005. (Figure courtesy of Intersil.)
16
IEEE PowEr ElEctronIcs MagazInE
z September 2014
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2014
IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2014 - Cover1
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