IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2015 - 26

Table 4. The advantages and features of control schemes for dc-ac converters.
Vsrcs

scs

Voc

DPc-sVM

Operation in SCS

No

Yes

No

Yes/No

Power control-indirect

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Power control-direct
Low algorithm complexity
Low computation intensity
Low sensitivity to line
inductance variation
Low sensitivity to line
voltage distortion

No
No
Yes

No
Yes
Yes

No
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

THD of line
current

No

Yes

No

Yes

Power factor

Yes

No

Yes

No

and increases the overall cost of the system. The measured data have to be carefully filtered to eliminate
unwanted changes in the operating point.

Table 5. The parameters of the designed SWT
prototype optimized for low wind speed.
turbine

Incremental MPPT Algorithms
WT power can be maximized without any information
about its parameters by the continuous change of the control variable followed by the observation of the resulting
change in power. These algorithms are generally known
as hill climbing or perturb and observe [14], [16], and
their implementation is shown in Figure 12(c). Despite
many differences in implementation, they are all based on
the assumption that for a given wind velocity, maximum
power is produced when
TPe
T~ = 0.

(3)

Power and rotational speed increments TP and T~ are
continuously sampled, and their signs are calculated after
each cycle. Based on this, a new increment or decrement of
the reference value ~ * is calculated. Although this class of
algorithms does not depend on WT parameters, it requires
proper tuning. The step size K of the reference value is
the most important factor as it compromises between
response time and steady-state oscillations. Additionally,

Type

HAWT [Figure 5(a)]

Number of blades

3

Radius of WT

3.75 m
7

Tip-speed ratio m

generator
Type
Nominal power
Nominal speed
Nominal voltage
Number of pole pairs

PMSG [Figure 8(b)]
5 kW
150 r/min
400 VL-L, rms
20

ac-dc converter
Type
Nominal power
MPPT
Control algorithm

Diode rectifier with boost
dc-dc converter [Figure 9(a)]
5 kW
Incremental MPPT [Figure 12(c)]
Simple control algorithm for dc-dc boost
converter [Figure 10(a)]

dc-ac converter
Type
Nominal power
Control algorithm
Modes of operation

2L-VSC [Figure 13(b)]
10 kW
DPC-SVM [Figure 14(c)]
Grid connected/stand-alone

the sampling frequency fT of the algorithm should be adequately chosen to fit the dynamics of the turbine. A comparison of MPPT algorithms is summarized in Table 3.

Grid-Side DC-AC Converter
(a)

(b)

FIG 15 (a) Side and (b) front views of the 5-kW SWT prototype
designed and built by the Warsaw University of Technology.

26

IEEE PowEr ElEctronIcs MagazInE

z	September 2015

Many topologies of dc-ac converters can be applied in
the SWT, which has an impact on cost, efficiency, and
control methods. The following topologies can be
used for the grid-connected and stand-alone mode of
SWT operation:



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