IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2022 - 17

High energy primary cosmic ray
(proton, electron or heavy ion)
Altitude ~36km
Terrestrial cosmic shower starts
n
mu
n
p
Altitude ~19km
1n/cm2s <
neutron flux (for E>10MeV)
< 3n/cm2s
Altitude ~ 13km
Altitude ~ 9km
0.1n/cm2s <
n
neutron flux (for E>10MeV)
< 0.5n/cm2s
Altitude ~ 5km
n
Denver ~1.6km
NY ~0km
Miami ~0km
n
Altitude ~ 0km
0.001n/cm2s <
neutron flux (for E>10MeV)
< 0.004n/cm2s
Neutron flux for E>10MeV ~ Neutron flux for 10MeV>E>1MeV
FIG 1 Terrestrial neutron radiation [19].
Wide bandgap (WBG) power devices, such as silicon
carbide (SiC) junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes and
power MOSFETs and gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron
mobility transistors (HEMTs)
and gate injection transistors (GITs),
are regarded as natural candidates
for aerospace applications. With
great efforts from device manufacturers
and system integrators, these
devices are either already or close
to being implemented in different
power converters, actuator drives,
and circuit breakers for aerospace
applications [15], [16], [17]. The
main remaining challenges for WBG
devices and their circuits for aviation
applications include:
■ radiation hardness;
■ extreme operation temperature; and
■ high altitude, high voltage, high
dv/dt, and high di/dt operation induced issues such as
lower partial discharge inception voltage and higher
EMI noises.
Radiation Hardness
Recent tests show that
SiC power MOSFETs
exhibit latent damage
to the gate oxide at
drain to source bias
voltages much lower
than the rated breakdown
voltages.
In space, cosmic rays from the Sun, our own galaxy, and
distant galaxies contains mainly protons, electrons, and a
relatively smaller number of heavy
ions, traveling nearly at the speed of
the light. Heavy ions can cause single
event effects (SEEs), such as degradations,
interrupts, as well as damage.
As shown in Figure 1, when the
heavy ions bombard atmospheric
gases, terrestrial neutron flux will be
generated. The intensity of neutron
flux is high at typical aircraft cruising
altitude [19].
Recent studies show that SiC
power MOSFETs are more reliable
than their Si counterparts when it
comes to terrestrial neutron flux. The
terrestrial neutron induced failure
rates in SiC devices are much lower
than failure rates in similarly rated Si devices [19]. Thus,
in terms of radiation hardness, for many aviation applications,
SiC is already a better choice than Si.
September 2022 z IEEE POWER ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 17
p
p
n
k
n
pi
n
n
n
p
n
n
mu
n
mu
Typical " aircraft cruising altitude "
Class B, C, D, G, E... Airspace
Class A Airspace
Class E Airspace

IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2022

Contents
IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2022 - Cover1
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IEEE Power Electronics Magazine - September 2022 - Contents
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