Signal Processing - September 2016 - 145
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Salient-region motion optimization. (a) In the original sequence, the salient region (the motorbike driver) shows only horizontal movement;
in this case, apparent-display-resolution enhancement can be applied in a single direction only. (b) After motion optimization, the salient region moves
diagonally across the screen, which is ideal for apparent-display-resolution enhancement. (Original footage copyright © 2013 RED Digital Cinema.
All rights reserved.)
combination with the postulated smooth-pursuit eye movement, the tracked foreground moves in a diagonal direction,
facilitating the exploitation of the resolution enhancement
effect (Figure 4):
W (I L) - T (I H) = 0,
(2)
where I H is the vector of all high-resolution frames, I L is the
vector of low-resolution subframes, W is a matrix weighting
each subframe, and T is the vector of applied transformations
per subframe.
To find the optimal transformations, the optimization is
based on energy minimization:
E = E vel + E smooth + E imp .
(3)
The energy E incorporates saliency by the term E imp (to focus
the optimization on regions of interest for a viewer), smoothness
(a)
by the term E smooth (to support smooth-pursuit eye motion and
to prevent flickering), and resemblance to the optimal direction
and velocity by the term E vel (to provide the best possible resolution enhancement effect). Trajectory optimization is performed in matter of seconds for a complete frame sequence.
For low frame-rate videos to facilitate smooth-pursuit eye
movement and to avoid simply duplicating frames, frame rate
is upsampled by interpolation along the salient region's
motion path, boosting the apparent resolution enhancement
effect most effectively (Figure 5). By continuously, unnoticeably shifting the video frames around, the salient region can
be perceived at much higher resolution than the display physically provides. This approach allows for apparent resolution
enhancement even for scenes that originally do not contain
any movement or for which optical-flow computation is difficult or impossible. HMDs especially make high demands on
spatial resolution and may, therefore, significantly benefit
from this technique. The approach takes about 30 seconds per
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 5. Applying apparent-display-resolution enhancement to general footage [25]. (a) Given a standard frame-rate video as input, (b) optical-flow and
saliency maps are computed to (c) temporally upsample and shift the video along a smooth, optimized trajectory. (d) When displayed on a high refreshrate display, the perceived resolution of the salient region is much higher than the physical resolution of the display.
IEEE SIgnal ProcESSIng MagazInE
|
September 2016
|
145
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Signal Processing - September 2016
Signal Processing - September 2016 - Cover1
Signal Processing - September 2016 - Cover2
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 1
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 2
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 3
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 4
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 5
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 6
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 7
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 8
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 9
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 10
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 11
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 12
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 13
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 14
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 15
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 16
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 17
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 18
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 19
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 20
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 21
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 22
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 23
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 24
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 25
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 26
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 27
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 28
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 29
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 30
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 31
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 32
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 33
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 34
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 35
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 36
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 37
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 38
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 39
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 40
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 41
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 42
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 43
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 44
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 45
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 46
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 47
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 48
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 49
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 50
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 51
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 52
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 53
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 54
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 55
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 56
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 57
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 58
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 59
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 60
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 61
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 62
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 63
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 64
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 65
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 66
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 67
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 68
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 69
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 70
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 71
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 72
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 73
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 74
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 75
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 76
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 77
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 78
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 79
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 80
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 81
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 82
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 83
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 84
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 85
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 86
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 87
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 88
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 89
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 90
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 91
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 92
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 93
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 94
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 95
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 96
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 97
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 98
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 99
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 100
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 101
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 102
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 103
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 104
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 105
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 106
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 107
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 108
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 109
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 110
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 111
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 112
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 113
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 114
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 115
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 116
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 117
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 118
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 119
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 120
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 121
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 122
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 123
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 124
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 125
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 126
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 127
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 128
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 129
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 130
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 131
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 132
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 133
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 134
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 135
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 136
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 137
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 138
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 139
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 140
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 141
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 142
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 143
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 144
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 145
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 146
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 147
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 148
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 149
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 150
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 151
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 152
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 153
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 154
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 155
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 156
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 157
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 158
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 159
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 160
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 161
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 162
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 163
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 164
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 165
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 166
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 167
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 168
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 169
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 170
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 171
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 172
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 173
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 174
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 175
Signal Processing - September 2016 - 176
Signal Processing - September 2016 - Cover3
Signal Processing - September 2016 - Cover4
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