Table 2. The teams that participated in the 2016 and 2017 Microsoft Indoor Localization Competitions. Teams in each category are listed in order of the localization accuracy they achieved (highest to lowest) that year. Team Team's Affiliation Country Technical Approach Global Rank Leica [46] Leica Germany Cameras + GPS + lidar Exhibition RealEarth [79] RealEarth United States Lidar 1 Quantitec Intranav [66] Quantitec IntraNav Germany UWB 2 Lou and Peng [80] Hangzhou Sunsend Info Tech Co. Ltd China UWB 3 Dobrev et al. [44] Friedrich-AlexanderUniversität Germany 24-GHz radar 4 Sequitur [81] University of Bologna, Uniset LLC, DMM LLC Italy UWB 5 Kämäräinen et al. [48] VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. Finland UWB impulse radar 6 Tabarovsky et al. [82] RTLS Research and Development LLC Russia UWB 7 Hammer et al. [41] Linz Center of Mechatronics GmbH Austria Sound ToF 9 Kulm et al. [83] Eliko Estonia UWB 12 Hoppe et al. [50] Freiburg im Breisgau/ Telocate GmbH Germany Sound time difference of arrival (TDoA) 13 Wang et al. [84] Zhejiang University China Sound TDoA 16 Flores et al. [85] Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Germany Ultrasound 17 Baszun et al. [86] Biocontrol Poland UWB 19 Cabuz et al. [87] Jacobs University Bremen/ ZIGPOS GmbH Germany Zigbee + super multidimensional scaling 23 Vadeny et al. [88] University at Albany United States Visual simultaneous localization and mapping and visible light communication 26 Guimarães (initialization) et al. [39] Fraunhofer Research Institute Portugal Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU 8 Shu et al. [89] Tongji University China Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU fingerprinting 10 Guimarães et al. [39] Fraunhofer Research Institute Portugal Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU 11 Huang and Yang [90] Ubirouting China Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU fingerprinting 14 Wu et al. [91] Glodon Software China Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU fingerprinting 15 Rea et al. [92] IMDEA Networks Institute/ Armasuisse Spain/ Switzerland Wi-Fi ToF 18 Mosharafa et al. [93] Nile University Egypt Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU fingerprinting 20 Yoshizawa et al. [94] Ricoh Japan Bluetooth beacons + IMU 21 Han et al. [95] Korea Advanced Institute of Technology South Korea Wi-Fi + magnetic + IMU fingerprinting 22 Shu (init.) et al. [96] Zhejiang University China Wi-Fi fingerprinting 24 Schmitz et al. [97] Affiliation Germany Wi-Fi + IMU fingerprinting 25 2016 Infrastructure based Infrastructure free (continued) IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE | September 2017 | 129