Signal Processing - November 2016 - 24
a nanometer green LED and current to voltage converter to
direct contact to both of the driver's hands. Since at least three
acquire and amplify the weak PPG. In practice, high-pass filter
measurement points on the body, i.e., two points on the left and
(HPF), low-pass filter (LPF), and notch filter are employed to
right sides of the heart and a ground point, are necessary to stareduce the amplified noise and to enhance the acquired ECG
bly measure the ECG, the analog signal processing technique
and PPG [22].
utilizes the ground point on the analog cirThe DSM algorithm consists of three
cuit as a virtual ground point. The noncontactIn the system
functions performing QRS detection, sigbased ECG acquisition technique uses pairs
configuration,
nal enhancement, and driver status analyof electrodes for a stable ECG measurement,
DSM systems using
sis. The QRS detection function extracts
where a pair of electrodes is considered as
the QRS complex from ECG. Generally,
a single channel to measure the ECG. The
physiological signals
threshold-based detection is widely used
noncontact-based ECG acquisition techconsist of a physiological
nique improves the quality and sensitivsignal measurement block for easy implementation and low computational complexity, and depending on the
ity of the ECG measurement by utilizing
and a DSM algorithm.
threshold determination, there are fixed
simultaneous measurements obtained from
threshold (FT) and adaptive threshold
multiple channels. In practice, both the con(AT) methods [22] used in practice. The FT method can be
tact-based and noncontact-based ECG acquisition techniques
used effectively in a stationary ECG, however, the AT methutilize an instrumental amplifier (INA) that has a high comod can improve the accuracy of the QRS complex detection
mon mode rejection ratio (CMRR) (generally 80~120 dB) to
by setting thresholds adaptively, even though it may not proclearly acquire and amplify weak ECG in mV units under very
vide a universal solution. In addition, there are other methods
noisy environments. On the other hand, the PPG is measured
used for the QRS detection, for example, based on the neural
by illuminating a point on the hand with a light and detecting
networks and hidden Markov models, but due to disadvantagthe reflecting light; a photo detector is used to detect reflected
es such as implementation difficulty and high computational
lights from the tissue, blood vessels, and bone.
cost, other methods are used only in medical applications that
The analog signal processing technique for PPG (in other
require high reliability.
words, the contact-based PPG acquisition technique) uses
Table 1. Classification of various DSM techniques.
24
Manufacturer
Development Status
Classification
Method
BMW
[9], [10]
R&D
ECG
Monitoring heart rate using a steering wheel with a skin-resistance sensor
Mercedes Benz
[11], [12]
Commercialized
Steering pattern
Analyzing of driving pattern with 70 parameters by a SAS and other drivers'
behaviors, such as audio/air conditioner/window switch use
R&D
ECG, PPG
Fusing PPGs and ECGs
Volkswagen
[13]
Commercialized
Steering pattern
Monitoring counter-steering patterns
R&D
Vision
Tracking head position, eye and face with a camera, light source, and image processor
Volvo
[14]
Commercialized
Steering pattern
Monitoring steering patterns near the lane using a front camera and an SAS
R&D
Vision
Comparing the threshold and current value by monitoring gaze, eyelids, eye blink
rate, and head (or face) angle using a dashboard-mounted IR sensor and camera
Ford
[15], [16]
R&D
ECG
Monitoring heart rate using noncontact-based ECG sensor implemented in a car seat
Toyota and
Denso
[8], [17]-[19]
Commercialized
Vision
Monitoring gaze, eyelids, eye blink rate, and head position using a dashboardmounted IR-LED and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera
R&D
ECG, PPG
Monitoring ECG and PPG using a steering wheel with different electrodes and
525 nanometer green LEDs
Denso
[20]
R&D
ECG
Monitoring heart rate using noncontact-based ECG sensor implemented in a car seat
Nissan
[21]
Commercialized
Steering pattern
Monitoring the constructed baseline of a given driving path with the driver's steering
patterns using a SAS
R&D
EEG
Predicting the driver's next driving actions beyond estimating the state and cognition
of the driver
IEEE SIgnal ProcESSIng MagazInE
|
November 2016
|
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Signal Processing - November 2016
Signal Processing - November 2016 - Cover1
Signal Processing - November 2016 - Cover2
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 1
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 2
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 3
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 4
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Signal Processing - November 2016 - 7
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 8
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Signal Processing - November 2016 - 133
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Signal Processing - November 2016 - 135
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Signal Processing - November 2016 - 137
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 138
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 139
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 140
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 141
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 142
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 143
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 144
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 145
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 146
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 147
Signal Processing - November 2016 - 148
Signal Processing - November 2016 - Cover3
Signal Processing - November 2016 - Cover4
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