IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021 - 13

and dedicated wireless solutions, specialists expect that the
5G mobile system-designed to manage interconnected
physical systems-will become the core of the IoT networks
of the future [27].
PEM
Among the different ways of approaching DSM, PEM, as
defined in recent articles [20], [28], provides several advantages
because of its capability of multiplexing and prioritization
with potentially variable granularity. Figure 2 shows how
PEM maps different flexible loads and storage units into discrete
signals composed of energy packets that are defined as
chunks of x Wh with a fixed length (i.e., duration) of y min. In
this example, we consider packets of 10 Wh and a length of
10 min with three different loads [28], [29]: washing machine,
space heating, and electric vehicles (EVs). Note that each
load is associated with a different type of flexibility in accordance
with its function in the household. The washing
machine service needs to be ready at some point of time, but
once the machine is on, it cannot be turned off [Figure 2(a)];
Washing Machine
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Time Slot of 10-Min Length
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the space heater must maintain the temperature of the house
in a given range all of the time, but short-term variations due
to thermal inertia as well as the possibility of operating out of
the specified range if there is no one at home can provide
demand flexibility [Figure 2(b)]; and the EV must be charged
and ready to use when needed, but how the charging is distributed
over time is irrelevant [Figure 2(c)].
In the cyberdomain, the flexible loads and storage units
are tagged with specific identification details that define, for
example, their individual service requirements and priority
levels. Note that DERs related to generation, such as solar
energy, also need to be discretized with the same packet
sizes. We also mention that the cyberphysical PEM considered
here is a hybrid of a device-focused PEM solution based
on randomization [9] and a hierarchical physical PEM [30].
SDENs
The virtualization of physical processes has become commonplace.
New concepts like cyberphysical systems and
digital twins indicate the interwoven dynamics among
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Time Slot of 10-Min Length
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Figure 2. Some examples of how loads-(a) washing machine, (b) space heating, and (c) EVs-can be
packetized.
July 2021 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 13
9101112
EV Charging
Number of Energy Packets of 10 Wh per Time Slot

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021

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