IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021 - 17

type of bids becomes popular in the market, existing problems
related to the optimality of the market outcomes [38]
may increase, as discussed in Kühnlenz et al. [14].
In summary, we argue that a future with free electricity
based on sharing is indeed possible using the technical
approach elucidated in this article, although it might not
be practical yet under the current mode of production
dominated by market relations. As demonstrated in several
recent works [39]-[41], commons-based peer production
is emerging across different sectors, and, as pointed out by
Giotitsas et al., 2020 [19], we have all of the conditions necessary
to make this move in the energy sector as well.
Conclusion
In this article, we proposed a futuristic view of an energy
system organized as a cyberphysical system, following a
commons-based governance model, whose management is
enabled by virtualized energy packets. In the proposed
cyberphysical system, electrical energy sharing is enabled
in the cyberdomain by handshakes and resource allocation
methods similar to those utilized in computer networks.
To elucidate our proposed approach, we mapped
concepts from modern computer networks and ICTs to the
smart grid domain.
One of the main advantages of this approach is that it
enables a balance between supply and demand based on
direct requests, without overly complex market mechanisms.
Moreover, energy access is also guaranteed to all
virtual microgrid members according to their individual
needs. This, however, has the drawback of relying on a
home energy management system and wireless connectivity.
We nevertheless do not see this as a strong limitation
because cost-effective solutions have been previously
developed; see, for example, Singh et al. [42].
A more challenging task is to enable the proposed virtual
microgrid to handle uncertainty in its operation. As
Energy Network Slicing
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
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8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time Slot of 10-Min Length
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Figure 5. An example of allocation based on network slicing with two priority levels plus additional flexibility
available via storage. We consider a time horizon of 30 slots.
July 2021 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 17
Unavailable
Storage
Priority 2
Priority 1
Number of Energy Packets of 10 Wh per Time Slot

IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2021

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