IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2022 - 18

sociotechnical verification and validation
system-of-systems processes.
Therefore, a framework for understanding
trust and ethics in the context
of verification regimes must be
identified or developed to guide the
implementation of the MoT and EDR
in the verification process for optimal
social benefits and impacts. To
support this endeavor, the IAS
framework and associated ICD
approach and IMPACTS model have
provided a sophisticated architecture,
systematic methodology, and
structured process for developing
brain-inspired autonomous systems.
A secured system
must behave as
designed and
implemented
following rules or laws
even when it is under
attack; otherwise,
it cannot gain or
assure trust.
Conclusion
At the frontier of brain-inspired autonomous systems, IASs
have emerged to exhibit collective intelligence enabled by
optimized human-machine interactions based on their joint
capabilities and strengths to achieve shared goals. The IAS
technology enables trustworthy solutions of human cognitive
bottlenecks and AI incompetency under indeterministic
conditions or with insufficient data. The IAS framework,
ICD methodologies, and IMPACTS trust model have been
validated through a series of defense concept development
and evaluation activities in large-scale international military
exercises. These defense R&D successes have been recognized
by military, academic, industry, and government
authorities as well as international organizations for satisfying
the growing demands for brain-inspired autonomous
systems. Novel computing theories, process capabilities,
and validation mechanisms will be developed for broader
innovations in the defense and general industries.
About the Authors
Ming Hou (ming.hou@forces.gc.ca) earned his Ph.D. degree
from the University of Toronto, Canada in 2002. He is a
senior defense scientist and the principal authority of
human-technology interactions within the Department of
National Defence (DND), Toronto, Ontario, M3K 2C9, Canada.
He is responsible for delivering technological solutions,
science-based advice, and evidence-based policy recommendations
to senior DND decision makers and their
national and international partners. He is an advisor and
integrator of the Canadian government CAD$1.6 billion
IDEaS program with responsibilities for guiding national
R&D activities in artificial intelligence, robotics, and telepresence.
He is the cochair of the Human Factors Specialist
Committee within the international Joint Capability Group
Unmanned Aircraft Systems.
Yingxu Wang (yingxu@ucalgary.ca) earned his Ph.D.
degree in computer science from Nottingham Trent University,
U.K., in 1998. He is a full professor in the Department of
Electrical and Software Engineering and the Hotchkiss
18 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE April 2022
Brain Institute at the University of
Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T3A 3H7,
Canada. He has held visiting professorships
at the University of Oxford
(1995/2019-2022), Stanford University
(2008/2016), the University of California,
Berkeley (2008), and the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
(2012). He is the founding president
of the International Institute of Cognitive
Informatics/Computing
(I2CICC). He has published 600+
articles and 36 books and been recognized
by Google Scholar as the
World's top 1 in Software Science,
Cognitive Robots, and Knowledge
Science. He is a Fellow of IEEE,
British Computer Society, I2CICC, the Asia-Pacific Artificial
Intelligence Association, and World Innovation Foundation.
Ljiljana Trajkovic (ljilja@sfu.ca) earned her Dipl. Ing.
degree from the University of Pristina, Yugoslavia, her M.Sc.
degrees in electrical engineering and computer engineering
from Syracuse University, and her Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles.
She is a professor at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,
British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada, and serves as editor-inchief
of IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems.
She served as IEEE Division X delegate/director, IEEE Systems,
Man, and Cybernetics Society (SMCS) president, and
IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CAS) president. Her
research interests include communication networks and
dynamical systems. She is a Fellow of IEEE and a Distinguished
Lecturer of the SMCS and CAS.
Konstantinos N. Plataniotis (kostas@ece.utoronto.
ca) is a professor and the Bell Canada chair in multimedia
at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1,
Canada. His research interests include machine learning and
signal processing and their applications in imaging systems,
communications systems, and knowledge media design systems.
He is a Fellow of IEEE, the Engineering Institute of
Canada, the Canadian Academy of Engineering/L' Academie
Canadienne Du Genie, and a registered professional engineer
in Ontario. He is the general cochair of the 2027
IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and
Signal Processing.
Sam Kwong (cssamk@cityu.edu.hk) earned his B.Sc.
degree from the State University of New York at Buffalo, his
M.A.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Waterloo in Canada, and his Ph.D. degree from Fernuniversität
Hagen, Germany. He is a professor in the Department
of Computer Science at the City University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, M8100, Hong Kong. He is an associate
editor of leading IEEE transaction journals, such as IEEE
Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions
on Industrial Informatics, and IEEE Transactions
on Cybernetics. He has coauthored three research books,
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