IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2022 - 9
by Fargol Nematkhah, Farrokh Aminifar,
Mohammad Shahidehpour, and Sasan Mokhtari
power systems are undergoing transformative changes.
Extensive penetration of nondispatchable generation
resources, electric vehicles (EVs), and storage systems is
occurring at various levels of power systems, particularly
at the edge of the grid.
In response to such changes, distributed frameworks
have been widely proposed to enable the management and
alignment of consumer-owned energy resources to maintain
the secure and reliable provision of electricity. The
emerging computing paradigms have substantially contributed
to a seamless interface between the conventional
power systems and the future grid that is realized under
the smart grid paradigm. In this article, we discuss the
chronological transformations in computing schemes and
their contributions to power systems. Accordingly, the
concepts of cloud, edge, and fog/edge are put forth. Moreover,
quantum computing is discussed as a line of future
research that can massively impact the energy sector,
albeit in a different manner.
The Internet of Things
With the advancements in technology, processing and
storage resources can be embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to be intelligent components of a dynamic
network. Considering the vast number of heterogeneous
things that are connected to the Internet today, it seems
that Nikola Tesla's idea of the connected world in 1926 is
turning into reality. However, the term Internet of
Things (IoT) was first adopted by Kevin Ashton in 1999
when introducing radio-frequency identification into the
context of supply chain management. He proposed that
data gathered automatically from things can be interpreted
into insightful information to improve observability
and efficiency.
Despite the fact that the concept of the IoT was first
envisioned for supply chain management, its extensions
are now contributing to a wide range of fields, including
but not limited to health care and well-being, transportation,
energy, and education. Accordingly, new concepts are
emerging to better denote a network of intelligent objects
based on the scope of their application. The Industrial
Internet of Things and the Internet of Energy are such
notions, to name a few. The Internet of Everything is
another concept defined by Cisco, extending the IoT as a
network of physical objects to people, processes, and data.
The extensive connectivity in the Internet of Everything is
assumed to create value-added services to individuals,
companies, and communities.
A broad range of IoT definitions exists in the literature,
which explains the ongoing evolution of this phenomenon.
The IEEE IoT Initiative has proposed various
definitions for this concept based on the scale of the systems
adopting the IoT and continues to contribute to the
ever-changing terminology. We consider a consolidated
definition of IoT throughout this article as " a world of
interconnected things, which are capable of sensing,
actuating, and communicating among themselves i.e.,
smart things or smart objects, and with the environment
while providing the ability to share information and act
in parts autonomously to real/physical world events and
by triggering processes and creating services with or
without direct human intervention " [1]. The enormous
volumes of data gathered in IoT-based systems can be
considered as the key factor reshaping applications and
adding value to services in an unprecedented way. However,
it is not the data themselves that create value but
the analytics performed on the data. Figure 1 illustrates
the transformation of data received from things to
decision-making signals.
Cloud Computing
Transforming raw data into insightful information
requires nonvolatile memory, processing units, and realtime
distribution of data to consumers. More sensitive
applications might necessitate additional requirements,
such as low latency, scalability, and confidentiality.
July 2022 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE
9
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IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2022
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IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2022 - Contents
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