IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 21
test is made up of four bearings on the same axis, as
shown in Supplementary Figure 3 available at https://doi.
org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3218424.
We collect 900 measurement points of bearing 2, representing
the bearing's lifetime. The RUL of bearing 2 is
900 units of time at the beginning and, obviously, zero
units at the end of life.
Feature Extraction With WPD
According to the frequency band coefficient, the original
bearing data signal was reconstructed as an eightcomponent
time series by using the three-layer WPD
of the Daubechies 5 (Db5) wavelet basis. Signal waveforms
are
xt ,, ,xt xt12 8f^^ ^hh h successively from low to
high, as shown in Figure 3.
Then, the energy of the eight reconstructed waveforms
is extracted, as shown in Figure 4. The wavelet packet
energy (WPE) of the eigenvector T is obtained, as illustrated
in the " DPNNs " section.
Training and Test Data Set Configuration
A total of 900 bearing WPE standardized data were
obtained, as described in the " Feature Extraction With
WPD " section. Then, 90% of the sample data set was randomly
selected for DPNN training, and the remaining 10% was
selected for testing the model.
Prediction Performance
The DPNN prediction model consists of eight neurons in the
input layer; a neuron in the output layer; and eight hidden
layers containing 750, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, and four neurons,
respectively. The eight-dimensional WPE vector is taken
as the input, and the bearing RUL is taken as the output. In
this study, 90 is set as the maximum training cycle of the
DPNN by backpropagation learning.
The prediction result of the DPNN is shown in Figure 5.
Since the test set used for testing the DPNN is 10% randomly
selected from the total sample, the range of the abscissa is
0-900 time steps, and the ordinate represents the normalized
RUL in the figure.
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and rootmean-square
error (RMSE) of the RUL predicted by the
https://doi.org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3218424
https://doi.org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3218424
https://doi.org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3218424
https://doi.org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3218424
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023
Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 4
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 5
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 6
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 7
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 8
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 9
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 10
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 11
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 12
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 13
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 14
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 15
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 16
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 17
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 18
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 19
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 20
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 21
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 22
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 23
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 24
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 25
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 26
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 27
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 28
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 29
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 30
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 31
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 32
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 33
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 34
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 35
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 36
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 37
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 38
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 39
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 40
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 41
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 42
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 43
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 44
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 45
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 46
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 47
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 48
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 49
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 50
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 51
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 52
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 53
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 54
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 55
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 56
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 57
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 58
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 59
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 60
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 61
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 62
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 63
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 64
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 65
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 66
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 67
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 68
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 69
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 70
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 71
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 72
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 73
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201801
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0716
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0715
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0115
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com