IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 49

decision variables of the problem.
The proposed method reduces the
number of decision variables to
obtain the controller gains and to
use in the optimization process.
The proposed method is validated
through extensive results for different
objective functions, contemplating
both the steady state and
the transient requirements as well
as a consideration of different perturbed
system parameters and
variations in the input disturbances.
Results and comparative studies
with popular control techniques and optimization
algorithms testify that the proposed method maintains
system stability and improves the system performances
while considering different system parameters, parametric
uncertainties, and variations in input disturbances.
The selection of
proper controller
values to improve
frequency responses
while maintaining
system stability is a
multifarious task.
maintaining the quality. The LFC
helps to ma i nt a in the rated
frequency of operations and the
rated power in the interconnected
tie lines [1].
Continuous variations in load
demands affect the balance
between the generated and consumed
power, which changes the
operat ing frequency. The frequency
variations impact the
performances of power system
components like transformers, ac
motors, and turbines [2]. On a large
scale, the frequency variations may lead to blackout
events, as reported in countries like the United States,
India, Thailand, Bangladesh, Brazil, and Mexico [3].
Numerous control strategies have been proposed to
Introduction
The power system operations and control are challenging
tasks due to increasing load demands, variations in operational
parameters, the integration of renewable sources,
etc. The general requirement of any power system is to
provide an uninterrupted power supply to its consumer by
mitigate such frequency variations, including a proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller [4], [5], [6]; proportional-integral
controller [7], [8], [9]; fuzzy-based controller
[6], [7], SFC [2], [10], [11], etc. for different power systems
and microgrids [12]. However, the selection of proper controller
values to improve frequency responses while maintaining
system stability is a multifarious task. Most of
these controllers were tuned considering certain parameter
values and load disturbances
of the available models. Nevertheless,
these system parameters
change depending upon
different operating conditions.
The issue was addressed by
inspecting the performance for a
wide range of parameter variations
for the tuned controller
gains [4], [5], [6], [7], [9], [11].
However, ensuring system stability
with the pretuned gains
for all such variations in operating
conditions is a challenging
task. This leaves an opportunity
for defining a parametric space
for stable ranges of controller
operations in power systems.
In the existing literature,
the performances of the controllers
are optimized through
different agent-based metaheuristic
optimization techniques
[2], [4], [6], [7], [8], [9].
In all such cases, the processes
of ensuring system stability by
satisfying user-defined objectives
and constraints are computationally
expensive, as these
calculations must be performed
January 2023 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 49
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023

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