IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023 - 9

Fault Decision
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
02 46
Time (s)
810
Figure 6. The security decision index for a 25%
reduction of actuator efficiency.
Conclusion
Combined with the dynamics model of the wind turbine
rotor system, a prediction method of the system security
operation trend based on a CNN is proposed in this article.
Experimental results show that the predicted value of the
pitch angle calculated by the CNN fits well with the real
value of the pitch angle obtained by the wind turbine rotor
system, and the mean-square error of the two values is analyzed
accurately. The residual error can be generated by
comparing the estimated pitch angle given by the CNN with
the actual output pitch angle of the wind turbine rotor system,
and the system security prediction results can be further
obtained according to the security decision index. The
proposed security prediction method can accurately and
effectively predict the change trend of the actuator and sensor
fault amplitude as well as accurately and effectively
detect and estimate the potential security hazards of the
rotor system affected by external interference and modeling
uncertainty.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the National Key Re -
search and Development Program of China (2019YFB1706001),
the Beijing Natural Science Fund-Haidian Original Innovation
Joint Fund (L222005), Industrial Internet Innovation and
Development Project Grant (CEIEC-2022-ZM02-0252), and
Industrial Internet Innovation and Development Project
Grant (TC220H055). Sheng Hong is the corresponding
author. This article has supplementary downloadable material
available at https://doi.org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3211690,
provided by the authors.
About the Authors
Sheng Hong (shenghong@buaa.edu.cn) is a professor at
Nanchang University, Nanchang. JiangXi 330031, China, and
a doctoral supervisor of Beihang University.
Tao Feng (ln_yjy@163.com) earned his B.S. degree in
computer science and technology from the University of
Jinan. He is a senior engineer with Duchengweiye Group
Co. Ltd., Beijing 100191, China.
References
[1] K. Ro and H. Choi, " Application of neural network controller for maximum power
extraction of a grid-connected wind turbine system, " Elect. Eng., vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 45-53,
2005, doi: 10.1007/s00202-004-0254-2.
[2] X. Liu, J. Du, and Z. Ye, " A condition monitoring and fault isolation system for wind
turbine based on SCADA data, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 986-995, Feb.
2022, doi: 10.1109/TII.2021.3075239.
[3] S. Hong et al., " Cascading failure analysis and restoration strategy in an interdependent
network, " J. Phys. A, Math. Theor., vol. 49, no. 19, p. 195,101, 2016, doi: 10.1088/17518113/49/19/195101.
[4]
S. Hong and Y. Zeng, " A health assessment framework of lithium-ion batteries for
cyber defense, " Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 101, no. 49, p. 107,067, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.
asoc.2020.107067.
[5] Y. Peng, W. Qiao, and L. Q, " Compressive sensing-based missing-data-tolerant fault
detection for remote condition monitoring of wind turbines, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 1937-1947, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2021.3057039.
[6] S. Hong, T. Yue, and H. Liu, " Vehicle energy system active defense: A health assessment of
lithium-ion batteries, " Int. J. Intell. Syst., early access, Oct. 15, 2020, doi: 10.1002/int.22309.
[7] D. Meng, H. Wang, S. Yang, Z. Lv, Z. Hu, and Z. Wang, " Fault analysis of wind power rolling
bearing based on EMD feature extraction, " Comput. Model. Eng. Sci., vol. 130, no. 1, pp.
543-558, 2021, doi: 10.32604/cmes.2022.018123.
[8] M. Wang, S. Lu, C. Hsieh, and C. Hung, " Fault detection of wind turbine blades using
multi-channel CNN, " Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1-17, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14031781.
[9] S. Hong et al., " Cascading failure and recovery of spatially interdependent networks, " J.
Statist. Mech. Theory Exp., vol. 2017, no. 10, p. 103,208, 2017, doi: 10.1088/1742-5468/aa8c36.
[10] K. Zhang, D. Zhou, and Y. Chai, " Review of multiple fault diagnosis methods, " Control
Theory Appl., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1143-1157, 2015, doi: 10.7641/CTA.2015.50262.
[11] Y. Zhang and J. Jiang, " Bibliographical review on reconfigurable fault-tolerant
control systems, " Annu. Rev. Control, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 229-252, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2008.03.008.
[12]
Y. Zhang and J. Jiang, " Issues on integration of fault diagnosis and reconfigurable control
in active fault-tolerant control systems, " IFAC Proc. Vol., vol. 39, no. 13, pp. 1437-1448,
2006, doi: 10.3182/20060829-4-CN-2909.00240.
[13] L. Quan, B. Jiang, and P. Yang, " Research on fault diagnosis algorithm of flight control
system based on neural network sliding mode observer, " J. Yangzhou Univ. (Natural Sci.
Ed.), vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 51-55, 2019.
[14] G. Huang, Y. Luo, and C. Zhang, " Current sensor fault diagnosis based on a sliding
mode observer for PMSM driven systems, " Sensors, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 11,027-11,049, 2015,
doi: 10.3390/s150511027.
[15] X. Gong and W. Qiao, " Bearing fault diagnosis for direct-drive wind turbines via
current-demodulated signals, " IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 3419-3428,
Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2238871.
[16] S. Ruder, " An overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms, " 2016, arXiv:
1609.04747v2.
[17] C. Song and C. Wen, " Fault diagnosis of wind turbine variable pitch system based on
adaptive observer, " (in Chinese), J. Shanghai Dianji Univ., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 181-186, 2019.
[18] D. Wang and K. Lum, " Adaptive unknown input observer approach for aircraft actuator
fault detection and isolation, " Int. J. Adaptive Control Signal Process., vol. 21, no. 1, pp.
31-48, 2007, doi: 10.1002/acs.936.
January 2023 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE
9
Jun Hu (1921491034@qq.com) is a senior engineer of
informatization systems at Huaneng Power International
Inc., Huaiyin Power Plant, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, China.
Xiao Zhang (kongxiu@buaa.edu.cn) is a postgraduate
student at the School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang
University, Beijing 100191, China.
Performance Index
https://www.doi.org/10.1109/MSMC.2022.3211690
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - January 2023
