IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023 - 20

requirements as well as the system
size and configuration that best
serves the community, a technoeconomic
feasibility study was
conducted using Homer Pro [12].
For independent low-voltage
DCMG, a model predictive control
controller has been proposed in
[13] that offers a significant im -
provement in power supply reliability
compared to traditional
controls, especially for priority
loads. The performance evaluation
of an off-grid PV-wind-biomass
hybrid energy system is
analyzed for a remote area named Kuakata in Bangladesh,
considering dispatch strategy-based control, power
system response, and a reliability analysis-based stability
and feasibility study [14]. A savvy lattice mixture vitality
framework has been outlined and mimicked to help a little
group considering a normal load request [15]. An analysis
is conducted using five different load dispatch
strategies to find the best dispatch strategy for a costeffective
and technically feasible islanded hybrid MG that
will support the growing power demand. A comparative
analysis among the various dispatch strategies is also
presented in [16]. Those authors have proposed a hybrid
MG for Melville Island with four dispatch approaches-
such as load following, generator order, combined dispatch,
and cycle charging strategy-that have been
unitized [17]. The optimization of an off-grid microhybrid
system is evaluated with the estimation of the proper sizing
of each element and the steady-state voltage,
For growing nations
like India to
experience sustained
economic progress,
a robust energy
infrastructure
is always a
necessary element.
frequency, and power responses
of the MG in Kangaroo Island,
South Australia [18]. The authors
have been focused on a multioptimal
combination of an islanded
hybrid MG system for the Penang
Hill Resort located on Penang
Island, Malaysia, with effective
use of redundant energy. To avail
this excess energy efficiently, an
electrical heater along with a storage
tank has been designed concerning
diversion load having proper
energy management [19].
The rest of this article is as follows.
The two subsequent sections discuss the proposed
DCMG and resources analysis. Following that, we discuss
results, results of optimum system configuration, and then
conclude. The main contribution of this article is to design
and propose the DCMG for the selected location and to
obtain the optimum sizing of various components
involved in the DCMG.
dc
WT
dc Load
Proposed DCMG
Figure 1 shows the proposed DCMG for domestic applications.
It consists of renewable energy resources, such as
solar PV panels (1 kW) and WT (1 kW); storage devices
LIB and SC and dc loads are connected with a dc bus.
Since dc loads are considered, there is no need to have a
separate dc-to-ac converter. The average energy demand
is considered as 7.77 kWh/day, with a peak demand of
1.19 kW. The input data used are solar radiation and wind
velocity for the selected location, load data and power rating
of the solar panel, WT, and capacity of LIB and SC.
This is then simulated with different combinations with
different capacities. The optimum configuration is
obtained based on CoE and NPC.
The hybrid storage system, which includes LIB (1 kWh)
7.77-kWh/day
1.19-kW Peak
PV
SC
and SC (3,000 F), is also considered for power backup. A
dc load with a peak value of 1.19 kW is connected with a
24-V dc bus. The average energy demand per day is 7.77 kWh.
The average load is 0.32 kW and the load factor is 0.27. The
annual load variation is shown in Figure 2.
LIB
Figure 1. Proposed DCMG system.
20 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE April 2023
Resource Analysis
In this article, renewable energy resources, such as
solar and wind, are used for the generation of electricity.
Figure 3 shows the variation of daily solar radiation
and clearness index with respect to month. The
annual average solar radiation for the selected location
is 5.1 kWh/day/m2. Figure 4 shows the monthly average
wind velocity for the selected area. The annual average
wind velocity is 4.1 m/s with a hub height of 50 m.
These data are obtained from the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration surface meteorology and
solar energy database.
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - April 2023

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