IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 24
defining their similarity. This similarity
is computed as the covariance
of patients, retrieved from
the semantic network edge, considering
their health conditions
and disease/treatment history.
Figure 5 shows an illustration of
converting regular data into semantic
network-based data.
Results and Discussion
In this section, a case study is presented
to show an example of the
obtained results using the proposed
framework. It explores a
scenario of deploying the proposed Tooth.AI system for
teeth diagnosis and skull landmark detection and shows
how this diagnosis report can be used to update the
semantic network and suggest a suitable treatment.
Teeth Diagnosis
The used panoramic dental data set consists of 1,000
radiography images, where the corresponding mask
localized the different teeth [24]. These data are used
Therefore, it is vital
to design a system
that can use the
doctor's diagnosis
and treatment and
convert them into
a standardized
annotated data set.
first to train a segmentation
model. The segmented teeth will
be then cropped and used to generate
a second data set used for
classification. The classification
model is deployed to distinguish
three different tooth classes:
healthy, unhealthy, and treated
(with filling). The cascade models
will help in diagnosing each tooth
separately, as shown in Figure 6.
The training performance of
segmentation models gives performance
described by the achieved
intersection over union (IOU) up
to 0.79. Similarly, the classification model could achieve an
accuracy of 0.95. Figure 7 presents the training and validation
performance of both models.
Skeletal Landmark Detection
The cephalograms data set [25] consists of 400 lateral
cephalogram images of 400 different subjects, whose
ages are between 7 and 76. Each image of the data
set is annotated with 19 landmarks, as presented in
1
Gingivitis
Affected By
P1:
John
Affected By
Caries
Patient
Treated With
Root
Canal
Treatment
Disease
Treatment
Figure 5. Illustration of the treatment suggestion
process.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Treated With
P2:
Jamiul
0.6
Success
Failure
ChlorHexidine
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
100
200
300
Epochs
(a)
Training
IOU
Validation IOU
400
500
Training_Accuracy
Validation_Accuracy
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Epochs
(b)
Figure 6. Example of teeth diagnosis: healthy teeth
(green), unhealthy (red), treated (blue).
24 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE July 2023
Figure 7. Teeth segmentation and classification
performance: (a) teeth segmentation IOU; (b) teeth
classification accuracy.
Accuracy
IOU
http://www.Tooth.AI
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023
Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - Contents
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 2
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 4
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 5
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 6
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 7
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 8
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 9
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 10
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 11
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 12
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 13
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 14
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 15
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 16
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 17
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 18
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 19
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 20
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 21
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 22
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 23
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 24
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 25
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 26
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 27
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 28
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 29
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 30
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 31
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 32
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 33
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 34
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 35
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 36
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 37
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 38
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 39
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 40
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 41
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 42
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 43
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 44
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 45
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 46
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 47
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - 48
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - July 2023 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202304
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202301
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202204
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202201
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202104
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202101
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202004
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_202001
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/smc_201801
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0716
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_1015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0715
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/systems_man_cybernetics_0115
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com