IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - October 2023 - 15

3) Inherence factor: This refers to biometric identification
technologies such as iris scans, fingerprint scans, finger
vein scans, and face and voice
recognition.
4) Context-aware factor: These
include the user's surroundings
and val idat ion of the
user's location and time using
GPS devices.
Device Identification Factors
1) Possession factor: This refers
to secrets kept on the device to
identify the users.
2) Context-aware factor: This refers
to behavior or attributes analogous
to its geographic position
or signal frequency.
Identification
uniform resource identifiers (URIs) and uniform
resource names], or a mix of the two can be used to identify
an application. Many experts
are striving to create a common
identification method for all of
the devices in the world that are
connected to the IoT.
schemes used in the
Internet world that
are in practice for
devices and users
can be used in the
IoT world.
Figure 1 illustrates the components of an identity
and formation of an identity using various identification
factors.
Identity for the IoT
A subject's identity is a digital representation of that
topic created by that subject or another subject. We
can use identification information for a variety of purposes,
from allowing a subject to confirm its identity
to granting authorization to engage with other subjects.
Identification schemes used in the Internet world
that are in practice for devices and users can be used
in the IoT world.
State of the Art of Identifiers
for Devices in the IoT
Identification schemes in the IoT are
different for each entity and are categorized
by China Academy of Telecommunication
Research (CATR) and Research
Cluster on the Internet of Things (IERC)
[5] as follows. RFID object identifiers,
EPCglobal (Electronic Product Codes),
handle/digital object identifiers, universally
unique ident i fiers (UUIDs),
Med i a Access Control (MAC), and
other object identification schemes are
used to uniquely identify real or virtual
things. The communication identification
system is used to uniquely identify
devices like sensors and gadgets when
they are connected to other things. IP
addresses (e.g., IPv4 or IPv6) and E.164
addresses are two instances.
An application identification technique
is required to exclusively identify
apps and services utilized in IoT applications.
A hostname, URLs [which implies
Identification Formats Revisited
To remotely control sensor nodes,
Liu et al. [6], Batalla et al. [7], Mahalle
et al. [8], Zdravkova [9], and
Butkus [10], presented different
identifying format made up of
domain identifier, device type,
device identifier, local and global
name space.
State of the Art of IDM Systems Models
A system for establishing, preserving, and managing
identities is known as an identity provider (IdP). A system
that delivers services to consumers is known as a
service provider (SP) [11].
◆ Isolated IDM model: At the same time, SPs operate
as IdPs. For each service, the entity receives
individual unique IDs and credentials from various
SPs/IdPs.
◆ Centralized IDM architecture: An IdP delivers identity
services to all SPs inside a centralized IDM architecture.
With just one identifier/credential, all services
are available.
◆ Federated IDM architecture: In a federated IDM architecture,
SPs agree to recognize identities from
Identifiers
Credentials
* Login names,
passport figures,
mobile device,
figures, staff figures,
and URLs are
examples of digits,
characters, and
symbols.
* Passwords,
digital certificates,
and fingerprints are
examples of
information that
provides proof for
claims about
elements of
identities.
Attributes
* Family name,
domicile, age,
gender, role, title,
affiliation, activity
records, and
reputations are
examples of data
that characterize a
subject's attributes.
Identity
Knowledge
Factors
Possession
Factors
Inherence
Factors
Figure 1. The components and formation factors of an identity.
October 2023 IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE 15
IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Magazine - October 2023

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