IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 10
s
A C ircu it for All Season
Behzad Razavi
TSPC Logic
S
Since its introduction in the 1980s,
true single-phase clock (TSPC) logic
[1] has found widespread use in
digital design. Originally proposed
as a high-speed topology, the TSPC
structure also consumes less power
and occupies less area than other
methods. In this article, we study
the properties of this logic family.
an indeterminate logical value. This
four-transistor dynamic implementaissue can be resolved by delaying the
tion. This approach, however, required
second stage's clock or by placing an
two nonoverlapping clock phases
inverter at the output of each stage.
so as to avoid transparency during
Shown in Figure 2,
(slow) clock transitions.
the latter method is
That is, clock generacalled"Domino"logic[3].
tion and distribution
Originally
Note that this family
had to deal with not
proposed as
performs operations
only skews but the
a high-speed
using NMOS tra nloss of timing due to
topology, the
sistors, with p-type
nonoverlap intervals,
TSPC structure
switches acting as
making single-phase
also consumes
only reset devices.
clocking more attractive.
less power and
Domino, however, is
Figure 1(b) depicts
occupies less
a noninverting circuit,
a single-phase approach.
area than other
prohibiting some logMerged with the dy methods.
ical functions [4].
namic latches, the logic
The inverters in
is realized by NMOS
Domino logic consume power while
or PMOS devices in alternate stages
realizing no particularly useful func(NMOS and PMOS blocks, respection. We then consider including
tively). Here, when the clock (CK) is
dynamic logic within the inverters.
low, node X is precharged to VDD,
and when CK goes high, the N block
Shown in Figure 3, the result is called
is enabled and, according to the
"NORA" logic [5], and the cost is two
inputs, keeps the ONE or discharges
clock phases.
it to ZERO. The principal issue here
Both Domino and NORA circuits
is that the second stage begins to
suffer from charge sharing; for examevaluate while the first precharges X ,
ple, when CK goes high in Figure 2,
C X loses charge to C P if M1 is on and
a race condition that can lead to a
if VX must remain nominally high.
partially charged level at Y and hence
Background
In the early 1980s, the design of highspeed digital CMOS circuits faced
some interesting challenges. One
general issue was related to clock distribution in complex chips; heavy capacitive loading and long interconnects
caused both slow transitions and skew,
making it especially difficult to distribute multiple, high-speed clock phases.
On the other hand, it had already been
recognized that dynamic logic afforded
simpler, faster circuits that also occupied less area. For example, "clocked
CMOS" (C2MOS) logic, introduced in
1973 [2] and illustrated in Figure 1(a),
replaced more complex latches with a
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2016.2603228
Date of publication: 14 November 2016
VDD
VDD
CK
VDD
X
CK
Logic
CK
Logic
CK
CK
VDD
N
Block
P
Block
Y
(a)
Figure 1: (a) C2MOS logic and (b) an example of single-phase clocking.
10
FA L L 2 0 16
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
(b)
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 1
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 2
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 3
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 4
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 5
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 6
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 7
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 8
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 9
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 10
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 11
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 12
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 13
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 14
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 15
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 16
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 17
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 18
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 19
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 20
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 21
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 22
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 23
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 24
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 25
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 26
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 27
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 28
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 29
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 30
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 31
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 32
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 33
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 34
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 35
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 36
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 37
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 38
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 39
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 40
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 41
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 42
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 43
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 44
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 45
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 46
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 47
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 48
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 49
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 50
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 51
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 52
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 53
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 54
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 55
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 56
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 57
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 58
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 59
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 60
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 61
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 62
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 63
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 64
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 65
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 66
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 67
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 68
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 69
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 70
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 71
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 72
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 73
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 74
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 75
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 76
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 77
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 78
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 79
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 80
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 81
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 82
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 83
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 84
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 85
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 86
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 87
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 88
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 89
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 90
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 91
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 92
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 93
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 94
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 95
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 96
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 97
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 98
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 99
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 100
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 101
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 102
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 103
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 104
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 105
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 106
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 107
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 108
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 109
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 110
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 111
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 112
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 113
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 114
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 115
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 116
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 117
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 118
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 119
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 120
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 121
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 122
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 123
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - 124
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2016 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2019summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2019winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2014
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com