IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Fall 2017 - 48

Machine learning is needed to extract
meaningful, and ideally actionable, information
from the overwhelming amount of data that is
being generated and collected every day.
use of embedded machine learning
to extract meaningful physiological
signals and process them locally is
explored in [5] and [6].

Machine Learning Basics
Machine learning is a form of artificial
intelligence that can perform a task with-
out being specifically programmed.
Instead, it learns from previous exam-
ples of the given task during a pro-
cess called training. After learning,

the task is performed on new data
through a process called inference.
Machine learning is particularly useful
for applications where the data is dif-
ficult to model analytically.
A typical machine learning pi -
peline for inference can be broken
dow n into two steps as shown in
Figure 2: feature extraction and classification. Approaches such as deep
neural networks (DNN) blur the dis-
tinction between these steps.

Dog (0.7)
Cat (0.1)

Machine
Learning
(Inference)

Bike (0.02)
Car (0.02)
Plane (0.02)
House (0.04)

FIGURE 1: An example of an image classification task. The machine learning platform takes
in an image and outputs the confidence scores for a predefined set of classes.

Feature Extraction
Feature extraction is used to transform
the raw data into meaningful represen-
tations for the given task. Tradition-
ally, feature extraction was designed
through a handcrafted process by ex-
perts in a given field. For instance, it
was observed that humans are sen-
sitive to edges (i.e., gradients) in an
image. As a result, many well-known
computer vision algorithms use image
gradient-based features such as histo-
gram of oriented gradients (HOG) [7]
and scale invariant feature transform
[8]. The challenge in designing these
features is to make them robust to varia-
tions in illumination and noise.

Classification
The output of feature extraction is
represented by a vector (x in Fig-
ure 2), which is mapped to a score of
confidence using a classifier. Depend-
ing on the application, the score is
either compared to a threshold to deter-
mine if an object is present or com-
pared to the other scores to determine
the object class.
Techniques for classification in-
clude linear methods such as support
vector machine (SVM) [9] and Softmax
and nonlinear methods such as ker-
nel-SVM [9] and Adaboost [10]. Many
of these classifiers compute the score

Image
Trained Weights (w )

Pixels

Feature
Extraction

Handcrafted Features
(e.g., HOG)

FIGURE 2: The inference pipeline.

48

FA L L 2 0 17

IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE

Features (x )

Classification
(w Tx )

Scores

Learned Features
(e.g., DNN)

Scores Per Class
(Select Class Based
on Max or Threshold)



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