Long Yan and Joonsung Bae IMAGE LICENSED BY INGRAM PUBLISHING Challenges of Physiological Signal Measurements Using Electrodes Fundamentals to understand the instrumentation W ith an aging society and sedentary lifestyles around the world, the cost of health care becomes a significant challenge. People continuously seek new technologies for affordable Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2017.2745860 Date of publication: 16 November 2017 90 FA L L 2 0 17 IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE but comfortable solutions to improve the efficiency of their health care. Recently, advances in miniaturized biosensor and data analysis have accelerated the health-care paradigm shift toward proactively managing wellness and changing personal lifestyle. It is easy to find accessories in various forms that integrate miniature and low-power biosensors continuously and unobtrusively sensing, processing, and transferring our physiological data. 1943-0582/17©2017IEEE