IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Spring 2014 - 16

from ideas and prototype demonstrations to applications in products.
Our experience in industry prior to
joining the University was an important factor both in terms of providing
perspectives drawn from that experience, but also for providing collaboration links that were critically
important in later years.

Conclusion

Figure 4: Switched-capacitor pipelined ADC [20]. Since this architecture does not require
large-ratio matched capacitors, area for capacitors is much less than for the weighted-capacitor technique. However, an operational amplifier is required for each stage of the pipeline.

electronic devices. Led by Abidi and
his colleagues later at UCLA and other
university researchers around the
world in the 1980s and 1990s, this
development has enabled the ubiquitous and pervasive deployment of
low-cost wireless devices which now
has developed into a very large semiconductor market.

Open Collaboration with Industry
In the spectrum of engineering
research in the university environment, work on microelectronic circuits, devices, and architectures lies
toward the applied, translational
end in contrast to the fundamental,
theoretical end. Close collaboration
with industry, accomplished in various ways, is critical to inspiring the
research. In the case of the mixedsignal work at Berkeley, progress
was greatly enhanced by the fact
that in the early phases the faculty
involved had frequent and in-depth
contact with both semiconductor
companies and communications system companies through consulting
relationships, industrial sponsorship of research, informal contact

s p r i n g 2 0 14

at conferences and workshops, and
meetings we hosted at Berkeley.
Our prior industrial experience
(Dave Hodges at Bell Labs, Paul Gray at
Fairchild, and Bob Brodersen at Texas
Instruments) was helpful in providing
context and perspective. It gave us a
sense of the direction of development
of the underlying technology and a
view of application needs on a 5-year
and beyond time horizon. Companies
involved in these contacts in the years
from 1970 to 2000 included Bell Labs,
Fairchild, Signetics, Intel, National,
TRW Vidar, Bell-Northern Research,
Texas Instruments, Analog Devices,
and others. We're very grateful for
everything we learned from friendly
colleagues at all of these firms.
Later on, as results began to flow
from the work, both faculty and
graduate students collaborated with
semiconductor companies to translate them to products. Collaborations occurred through employment
of graduates, faculty consulting, or
temporary assignments involving
leaves of absence from Berkeley.
These close connections with industry allowed a very rapid transition

IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE

We believe that the productivity and
impact of the mixed-signal MOS program would have been far smaller if
there had been an aggressive effort to
patent and license innovations that we
developed. Such efforts would have
created major obstacles to the valuable interactions we had with peers in
industry. Most of our activities were
funded from state and federal sources.
In general, we believe that publiclyfunded research in electronics and
computer science will have greatest
impact if placed in the public domain.

References

[1] Y. P. Tsividis and P. R. Gray, "An integrated
NMOS operational amplifier with internal
compensation," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,
vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 748-753, Dec. 1976.
[2] J. L. McCreary and P. R. Gray, "All-MOS charge
redistribution analog-to-digital conversion
techniques. I," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,
vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 371-379, Dec. 1975.
[3] R. E. Suarez, P. R. Gray, and D. A. Hodges,
"All-MOS charge-redistribution analogto-digital conversion techniques. II,"
IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 10, no. 6,
pp. 379-385, Dec. 1975.
[4] R. McCharles, V. Saletore, W. Black, Jr.,
and D. Hodges, "An algorithmic analog-todigital converter," in Proc. 1977 IEEE Int.
Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Technical
Papers, Feb. 1977, pp. 96-97.
[5] Y. P. Tsividis, P. R. Gray, D. A. Hodges, and
J. Chacko, "A segmented mu-255 law PCM
voice encoder utilizing NMOS technology," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 11,
no. 6, pp. 740-747, Dec. 1976.
[6] J. F. Albarran and D. A. Hodges, "A chargetransfer multiplying digital-to-analog
converter," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits,
vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 772-779, Dec. 1976.
[7] R. McCharles and D. Hodges, "Charge circuits for analog LSI," IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 490-497, July 1978.
[8] V. Shen and D. Hodges, "A 60ns glitch free
NMOS DAC," in Proc. 1983 IEEE Int. SolidState Circuits Conf. Dig. Technical Papers,
Feb. 1983, vol. XXVI, pp. 188-189.
[9] H.-S. Lee, D. A. Hodges, and P. R. Gray,
"A self-calibrating 15 bit CMOS A/D converter," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 19,
no. 6, pp. 813-819, Dec. 1984.
[10] W. C. Black and D. A. Hodges, "Time
interleaved converter arrays," IEEE
J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 15, no. 6,
pp. 1022-1029, Dec. 1980.

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