IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Spring 2016 - 18
data placement, resulted in negligible
seek times. The UNIVAC 1101 (aka the
ERA 1101), built in 1948, used drum
memory for main memory (Figures 4
and 5). With a drum diameter of 8.5 in,
a spinning speed of 3,500 r/min,
200 R/W heads, and 48-KB capacity, it
had an access time of 32 ns -17 ms.
(In 1953, a faster Williams tube
version was delivered to the U.S.
National Security Agency, presumably to sift through telegraph message records.) In 1958, the British
Atlas supercomputer was built
around a four-drum, 576-KB memory system. The first commercial,
mass-produced computer, the IBM
650, had an 8.5-KB drum memory
rotating at 12,500 r/min [3].
Delayed Indefinitely
Figure 2: UNIVAC 1 tape drives. (Photo courtesy of the Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.)
Figure 3: The Atanasoff-Berry computer. (Photo courtesy of the Charles Babbage Institute,
University of Minnesota.)
18
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IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
In the 1940s, other memory technologies made significant advances as drum
memories evolved. The ENIAC, the first
Turing complete electronic computer,
had only vacuum tube accumulators for
memory, and something with greater
density was needed.
In the early 1940s, delay-line
memory also appeared on the computing scene after the successful use
of delay lines in early RADAR systems. First implemented with mercury-filled glass tubes and quartz
transducers plugging each end, these
memories stored information as
sound waves in the mercury and
were eventually able to store up to
a few thousand bits per tube. There
were numerous technical hurdles
to overcome in making these memories viable. Careful transducer
design was required to focus the
acoustic wave into the mercury column. At the other end of the tube,
the receiver needed to effectively
dampen any reflections.
The British EDSAC computer,
first operational in 1949, initially
used 32 delay lines of 576 b each
(Figure 6). UNIVAC 1 used 18 120-b
mercury delay line columns with
an average access time of just over
200 ns. Mercury tube delay lines
gave way to metal wire delay lines,
which used the propagation of a
torsional wave down the wire as
the storage medium. A single wire
could store 1,000 b, and the media
was very inexpensive-although not
particularly fast, with typical access
times of 500 ns [4].
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Spring 2016
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Spring 2016 - Cover1
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