IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Spring 2016 - 77

Why It Matters
In modulation coursework, we learn
that for the angle modulations of
analog frequency modulation (FM)
and analog phase modulation (PM)
there is an extremely close relationship between them, shown, for
example, in [3], [7], and [8]. When
we get to the course presenting
digital modulations, the digital
versions of FM and PM, which are
frequency-shift keying (FSK) and
phase-shift keying (PSK), have theories that look almost nothing like
each other. This is because the conventional implementation of PSK is
really a subset of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which is
itself a form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) [9]. We really do not do
PSK. When PSK is done as a true PSK
modulation, it has the same close
relationship with FSK as the analog
modulations PM and FM have with

each other [10], as it must. In effect
this produces a "new" modulation
called pure PSK (pPSK) [11], which

describe a combination of two grounded source common-source amplifiers
that are driven by a differential signal

It is important to realize that all communication
of information occurs at the receiver.
has properties that align perfectly
within the physical limits needed
to maximize the energy efficiency
of both wireless and wireline communications [12]. One standards
committee, IEEE 802.15.4, has taken
a step in this direction (accidentally?) by adopting what they call
HS-OQPSK [see "A Step Toward True
PSK (pPSK)].

Misunderstanding #2:
Pseudodifferential Amplifiers
We can define a new amplifier type
called pseudodifferential [13]-[15] to

and use inductive methods (e.g., transformers) to combine the two output
signal components.

Clarification
While this amplifier structure is
extremely useful and definitely valid,
calling it by the name "pseudodifferential" is not. This amplifier structure
was invented more than 90 years ago
[16] and has been well discussed in
the literature since then with the
name push-pull [17]. We have no
right to think that this circuit structure is new nor to act like this is new

A STep TowArd True pSK (ppSK)
A truly PSK signal has all modulation only on the signal phase-shift
parameter [9]. Such a signal must have constant magnitude, and all
transitions between the PSK constellation points must remain on the
circle that goes through all of the PSK constellation points.
The IEEE 802.15.4 standardization committee has adopted a modulation that has many, but not all, of the properties of pPSK. Called
half-sine offset QPSK (HS-OQPSK), the modulating waveforms applied to the I(t) and Q(t) inputs of a quadrature modulator (3) are
half-sine in shape spanning the signal symbol time. These shaped

pulses are signed +1 for a logic "1" and -1 for a logic "0," as shown
in Figure S1.
The resulting magnitude and phase from these modulating waveforms
is also shown in Figure S1. Signal magnitude remains constant, and the
phase varies linearly with time. This modulation is therefore a pure angle
modulation. Figure S2 shows that this is not quite a PSK, where if the
input data is constant then the signal phasor remains constant at the corresponding constellation point. The phase of HS-OQPSK is not constant
for unchanging input data. But it is a useful partial step toward pPSK.

1.5

1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1.5

-1.5
I (t )

Q (t )

Magnitude

Phase/pi

FIGURE s1: hS-oqpSK modulation components and signal characteristics. This selection of I(t) and Q(t) waveforms yields a constant magnitude (envelope) signal with linear phase variations.

I (t )

Q (t )

Magnitude

Phase/pi

FIGURE s2: when the input data is held constant into a hS-oqpSK
modulator (here a constant "1" on i and a constant "0" on Q) the
signal phase is not constant, as expected for a pSK signal constellation point, but varies back and forth across a r/2 range.

IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE

S P R I N G 2 0 16

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Spring 2016

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