IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 3

IEEE MEdIa
Staff Director; PubliSher, IEEE SpEctrum

James a. Vick, j.vick@ieee.org

aSSociate PubliSher, SaleS & aDVertiSing Director

Marion Delaney, m.delaney@ieee.org

recruitMent SaleS DeVeloPMent Manager

ROBIN HANSON,
author of "The
Economics of the
Singularity"
[p. 44], is an
associate professor of economics
at George Mason University, in
Fairfax, Va. He trained as a
physicist and worked in the
aerospace industry before
getting a Ph.D. in social science
at Caltech in 1997. He is a pioneer
of idea futures markets, among
them the Foresight Exchange
Prediction Market.
RICHARD A.L.
JONES, author of
"Rupturing the
Nanotech Rapture"
[p. 64], is a professor
of physics at the University of
Sheffield, in England, and senior
nanotechnology advisor for the
UK government's physical
sciences and engineering funding
agency. His book Soft Machines:
Nanotechnology and Life (2004)
argues that nanotechnology needs
to learn as much from biology as
from engineering.
CHRISTOF KOCH
is a professor of
cognitive and
behavioral biology
at Caltech.


na * IEEE sPEctruM * JunE 2008

GIULIO TONONI is
a professor of
psychiatry at the
University of
Wisconsin, Madison.
In "Can Machines Be Conscious?"
[p. 54], the two neuroscientists
discuss how to assess synthetic
consciousness. Koch became
interested in the physical basis of
consciousness while suffering from
a toothache. Why should the
movement of certain ions across
neuronal membranes in the brain
give rise to pain? he wondered. Or,
for that matter, to pleasure or the
feeling of seeing the color blue?
Contemplating such questions
determined his research program
for the next 20 years.
ALFRED
NORDMANN,
author of "Singular
Simplicity" [p. 60], is
a professor of
philosophy and the history of
science at Darmstadt Technical
University, in Germany. His
interests include the philosopher
Ludwig Wittgenstein, the physicist
and philosopher of science Heinrich
Hertz, and the birth of new scientific
disciplines, such as nanotechnology.
VERNOR VINGE,
who wraps up this
issue on p. 76, first
used the term
singularity to refer to
the advent of superhuman intelligence while on a panel at the annual
conference of the Association for the
Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 1982. Three of his books-
A Fire Upon the Deep (1992),
A Deepness in the Sky (1999), and
Rainbows End (2006)-won the Hugo
Award for best science-fiction novel
of the year. From 1972 to 2000, Vinge
taught math and computer science at
San Diego State University.

rePrint SaleS +1 212 221 9595, ext. 319
DePartMent aDMiniStrator

faith h. Jeanty, f.jeanty@ieee.org

aDVertiSing SaleS +1 212 419 7760
telePhone aDVertiSing/SaleS rePreSentatiVe
John restchack +1 212 419 7578
aDVertiSing ProDuction Manager

felicia Spagnoli
nicole evans

Senior aDVertiSing ProDuction coorDinator
aDVertiSing ProDuction +1 732 562 6334
ieee Staff executiVe, PublicationS

anthony Durniak

IEEE Board of dIrEctors
PreSiDent & ceo lewis M. terman
+1 732 562 3928 fax: +1 732 465 6444

president@ieee.org

John r. Vig
treaSurer David g. green
Secretary barry l. Shoop
PaSt PreSiDent leah h. Jamieson
PreSiDent-elect

VIcE PrEsIdEnts
evangelia Micheli-tzanakou, Educational Activities; John
baillieul, Publication Services and Products; Joseph V. lillie,
Member & Geographic Activities; george W. arnold, President,
Standards Association; J. roberto b. de Marca, Technical
Activities; russell J. lefevre, President, IEEE-USA

dIVIsIon dIrEctors
giovanni De Micheli (i); thomas g. habetler (ii);
curtis a. Siller Jr. (iii); edward Della torre (iV);
Deborah M. cooper (V); irving engelson (Vi);
John D. McDonald (Vii); thomas W. Williams (Viii);
frederick c. Mintzer (ix); William a. gruver (x)

rEgIon dIrEctors
howard e. Michel (1); John c. Dentler (2); William b. ratcliff (3);
robert J. Dawson (4); David J. Pierce (5); loretta J. arellano (6);
ferial el-hawary (7); Jean g. remy (8); enrique e. alvarez (9);
Janina e. Mazierska (10)

dIrEctors EMErItus
eric herz, theodore W. hissey

IEEE staff
executiVe Director & coo Jeffry W.
+1 732 562 5400, j.raynes@ieee.org

raynes, cae

huMan reSourceS betsy Davis, SPhr
+1 732 465 6434, e.davis@ieee.org
PublicationS anthony Durniak
+1 732 562 3998, a.durniak@ieee.org
chief inforMation officer Sally ericksen
+1 732 562 5345, s.ericksen@ieee.org
eDucational actiVitieS Douglas gorham
+1 732 562 5483, d.g.gorham@ieee.org
StanDarDS actiVitieS Judith gorman
+1 732 562 3820, j.gorman@ieee.org
MeMber & geograPhic actiVitieS cecelia
+1 732 562 5504, c.jankowski@ieee.org
corPorate Strategy & coMMunicationS
+1 732 562 5320, m.loeb@ieee.org
buSineSS aDMiniStration richard D.
+1 732 562 5311, r.schwartz@ieee.org

Jankowski

Matthew loeb, cae

Schwartz

technical actiVitieS Mary Ward-callan
+1 732 562 3850, m.ward-callan@ieee.org
Managing Director, ieee-uSa chris brantley
+1 202 785 0017, c.brantley@ieee.org

IEEE PuBlIcatIon sErVIcEs & Products Board
John baillieul, Chair; tayfun akgul, george W. arnold, Duncan c.
baker, John t. barr iV, george cybenko, gerald l. engel, Marion
o. hagler, lawrence o. hall, Jens hannemann, lajos hanzo,
leah h. Jamieson, hirohisa kawamoto, Paul kostek, Mary y.
lanzerotti, Jose M. f. Moura, adrian V. Pais, roger D. Pollard,
Saifur rahman, Sorel reisman, Suzanne M. rivoire, Jon g.
rokne, W. ross Stone, robert J. trew, leung tsang, Stephen
yurkovich, amir i. Zaghloul

IEEE oPEratIons cEntEr
445 hoes lane, box 1331, Piscataway, nJ 08854-1331 u.S.a.
tel: +1 732 981 0060 fax: +1 732 981 1721
www.spectrum.ieee.org

CloCkwise from top left: irobot Corp.; Giulio tononi; Alfred nordmAnn;
Vernor VinGe; CAlteCh; d. Jones; GeorGe mAson uniVersity

RODNEY
BROOKS is a
machine. Or so he
says in his article on
p. 70. A professor at
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, he researches the
engineering of intelligent robots
capable of operating in real-world
environments and how to understand human intelligence by
building humanoid robots. Brooks
is also the chief technical officer of
iRobot Corp.

Michael buryk, m.buryk@ieee.org
buSineSS Manager robert t. ross
Marketing & ProMotion Manager blanche Mcgurr,
b.mcgurr@ieee.org
liSt/recruitMent Marketing Manager ilia rodriguez,
i.rodriguez@ieee.org


http://www.spectrum.ieee.org

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum June, 2008

IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - Cover1
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - Cover2
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 1
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 2
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 3
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 4
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 5
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 6
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 7
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 8
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 9
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 10
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 11
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 12
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 13
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 14
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 15
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 16
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 17
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 18
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 19
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 20
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 21
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 22
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 23
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 24
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 25
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 26
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 27
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 28
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 29
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 30
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 31
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 32
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 33
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 34
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 35
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 36
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 37
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 38
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 39
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 40
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 41
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 42
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 43
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 44
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 45
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 46
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 47
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 48
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 49
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 50
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 51
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 52
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 53
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 54
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 55
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 56
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 57
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 58
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 59
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 60
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 61
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 62
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 63
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 64
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 65
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 66
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - 67
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - Cover3
IEEE Spectrum June, 2008 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0716
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0516
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0316
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1115
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0915
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0715
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0515
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0315
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0115
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0914
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0714
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0514
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0314
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1213
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0913
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0813
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0713
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0613
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0513
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0413
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0313
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0213
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0612
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0512
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0412
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0312
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0611
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0511
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0411
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0510
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0410
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0809
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0609
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0509
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0409
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0608
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0508
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0408
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0707
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0607
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0507
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0407
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0107
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com