IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - 50

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basic electrical device components like capacitors and junctions.
But there are a few big stumbling blocks
we'd have to overcome before we could get
anywhere close to making practical magnetronic devices. One is the purity of the
samples: Even tiny structural defects can
block the flow of monopoles. The other is
temperature. To freeze a spin ice and create
monopoles, you must cool such materials
to very low temperatures, typically on the
order of one degree above absolute zero-
about 1 K, or -272 °C. It's unclear whether
we can create a material that can undergo
a spin-ice transition at more practical temperatures. The magnetic moments of its
atoms, or the interactions between them,
would have to be enormous to counteract
the scrambling effects of thermal energy at
higher temperatures, and no such material
is currently known to exist.
One alternative monopole system that has
emerged is "artificial spin ice." These manmade materials are two-dimensional systems
that can be made from nanoscale patches-
either islands or wires-of a ferromagnetic
material such as cobalt. A patch's dimensions
are chosen so the magnetic moments of the
atoms inside it point toward a vertex between
neighbors. If these patches are arranged in
either a honeycomb or a square structure,
you can get their magnetic moments to obey
ice rules. A square lattice will obey the same
two-in, two-out rules as ordinary spin ice. In
a honeycomb lattice, where three patches
meet at each vertex, there is always an excess
magnetic charge.
How do we know that these charges exist?
Incredibly, they can be imaged using magnetic force microscopy. In 2010, an Imperial
College London team observed artificial
magnetic monopoles and was even able to
watch them move under influence of a magnetic field. These materials have the benefit
of being stable at room temperature, and
some researchers have proposed that they
might make useful memory devices. But artificial spin-ice patches currently have dimensions in the 100-nanometer range, making
them gigantic by existing industry standards.
Still, it's early days for the magnetic monopole, and I wouldn't rule out powerful applications that have yet to be imagined. A
magnetronic revolution might be just over
the horizon. n
POst yOur cOMMents online at http://
spectrum.ieee.org/monopoles0813



http://spectrum.ieee.org/ http://spectrum.ieee.org/ http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/4-ways-to http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/delivering-fullfeatured-mobile-experiences-on http://spectrum.ieee.org/webinar/challenges-and-solution-needs-for http://http:// http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/webinar http://spectrum.ieee.org/monopoles0813

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum August, 2013

IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - Cover1
IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - Cover2
IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - 1
IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - 2
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IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - 49
IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - 50
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IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - Cover3
IEEE Spectrum August, 2013 - Cover4
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