IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 55
Bridging AfricA's
BroAdBAnd divide
co nti n u e d f ro M pAg e 4 6
maCra
technology. It then took another two
years for the country's telecom regulator, the Independent Communications
Authority of South Africa, to issue a call
for industry to comment on proposed
regulations. The regulator is now using
these responses as well as advice from
academic and industry experts to formulate a position paper, which is expected
by the end of this year.
Malawi has been moving slightly
faster: Based on the trials in 2013 and
2015, MACRA published draft TV white
space regulations and requested industry comments, and we're now waiting for
the Ministry of Information and the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs
to issue the final rules. With any luck,
Malawi will have officially adopted TV
white space usage before the end of 2016.
While we wait for regulatory reform,
African researchers are continuing to
develop TV white space technology to
make it truly affordable and relevant. At
CSIR, a team led by Fisseha Mekuria has
developed a geolocation spectrum database that is the first to use the Protocol
to Access White Space (PAWS), for automatically finding vacant TV channels.
Using a standardized protocol like PAWS
rather than a proprietary one ensures
Hello, internet: Kondwani Nankhumwa, a
Malawi cabinet member, says TV white space
technology could lift Internet penetration from
less than 10 percent to 70 percent by 2019.
that users aren't locked into a particular vendor, which is important for keeping costs down and fostering common
protocols, software, and components.
CSIR researchers have also adapted a
high-performance wireless mesh node to
use with TV white spaces, for sites that
can't be reached with Wi-Fi. And they
and others are working on cognitive
radios-that is, radios that can automatically decide which frequencies and modulation techniques to use. One prototype
is the White RHINO (for Whitespace
Reconfigurable Hardware Interface for
Computing and Radio), developed at the
University of Cape Town. It was inspired
by the RHINO radio, which was designed
for the radio-astronomy project called
the Square Kilometre Array.
In Ma law i, coaut hor Mikeka,
t h roug h h is consu lt i ng compa ny,
e- Communications Research Group
(eCRG), has been developing antennas
that can be used not just for TV white
space signals but also for digital TV services. eCRG is also carrying out comparative studies of commercial TV white
space radios, to better understand their
characteristics. In addition, the company is working on software to allow TV
white space radios to adapt their transmission power and other features so as
to protect primary users of the spectrum
(TV broadcasters and viewers, mainly)
from interference.
SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG
|
NORTh AMERICAN
|
SEP 2016
|
55
http://SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum September, 2016
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 1
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 2
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 3
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 4
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 5
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 6
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 7
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 8
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 9
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 10
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 11
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 12
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 13
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 14
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 15
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 16
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 17
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 18
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 19
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 20
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 21
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 22
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 23
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 24
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 25
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 26
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 27
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 28
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 29
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 30
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 31
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 32
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 33
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 34
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 35
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 36
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 37
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 38
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 39
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 40
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 41
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 42
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 43
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 44
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 45
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 46
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 47
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 48
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 49
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 50
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 51
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 52
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 53
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 54
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 55
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 56
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 57
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 58
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 59
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 60
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 61
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 62
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 63
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - 64
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Spectrum September, 2016 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0716
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0516
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0316
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1115
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0915
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0715
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0515
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0315
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0115
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0914
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0714
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0514
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0314
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1213
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0913
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0813
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0713
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0613
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0513
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0413
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0313
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0213
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0912
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0812
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0612
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0512
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0412
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0312
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0212
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0112
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0611
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0511
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0411
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1010
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0510
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0410
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0310
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0210
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0110
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0809
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0609
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0509
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0409
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0109
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0708
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0608
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0508
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0408
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1107
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1007
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0707
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0607
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0507
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0407
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0307
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0207
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0107
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com