IEEE Spectrum October, 2016 - 55

rather than solar, which was considered an immature technology redolent
of the counterculture. there's no trace
in Kilby's papers that he ever considered partnering with those "countercultural" solar advocates, who might
have been able champions for tIses.
one thing such advocates might
have offered was a persuasive environmental or social vision in which
tIses would play an important part.
Lacking that, Kilby and tI were left to
argue for the system on narrow economic and national security grounds.
those grounds were persuasive so long
as the middle east was in turmoil and
the price of oil was high and rising.
But in 1980, the price of oil began to
drop. soon after, the reagan administration pulled back on federal support
of solar energy.
In the new political and economic
environment of the 1980s, tI's optimism about tIses waned. In late 1982
or early 1983, the program was put on
probation. tI told Kilby and program
manager e.L. "Pete" Johnson that the
company would stop funding the project, but that they could continue developing the technology if they could find
a partner to foot the bill.
tI's decision sprang from two sources.
the company was recovering from a
failed effort to transform itself into
the leading personal computer manufacturer and had decided to focus on
things it was already good at. upper
management now frowned on expensive gambles in new markets. new cost
projections also reinforced the idea that
tIses was too big to chew. By late 1982,
the team was projecting a small revenue
stream against significant costs to build
manufacturing plants, with the project
forecast to consume $275 million to
$400 million from 1983 through 1990
(around $600 million to $900 million
today). most of that investment would
be pure loss for almost a decade.
Kilby wasn't quite ready to give up.
for the next nine months or so, he and
Johnson-sometimes accompanied by
heilmeier-made the rounds of potential corporate partners: oil and chemi-

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum October, 2016

IEEE Spectrum October, 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Spectrum October, 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Spectrum October, 2016 - 1
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IEEE Spectrum October, 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Spectrum October, 2016 - Cover4
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