IEEE Spectrum November, 2016 - 26

nUmBerS Don't Lie_By vAcLAv SmiL

oPinion

Running, Sweating, and
PeRSiStence Hunting
During the two years of its monthly appear ance,
this column has looked at many objects-cars, turbines, airplanes, windows, mobile phones, and nuclear reactors-made by
humans. Today's focus is on the human body, specifically the way
it keeps itself cool.
Before the development of long-range projectile weaponry some tens of thousands of years ago, in Africa, our ancestors had only two
ways to secure meat: by scavenging the leftovers of mightier beasts or by running down their own prey. Humans were able to occupy the second of those ecological niches thanks, in part, to two great advantages of bipedalism. The first
advantage is in how we breathe. A quadruped can take only a single breath per
locomotive cycle because its thorax must absorb the impact on the front limbs.
We, however, can choose other ratios, and that lets us use energy more flexibly.
The second, and greater, advantage is in our extraordinary ability to regulate
our body temperature, which allows us to do what lions cannot: to run long and
hard in the noonday sun.
It all comes down to sweating. The two large animals we have mainly used for transport perspire profusely, compared to other
quadrupeds: In one hour a horse can lose about 100 grams of water per square
meter of skin, and a camel can lose up to 250 g/m 2. However, a human being can
easily shed 500 g/m 2, enough to remove 550 to 600 watts' worth of heat. Peak
hourly sweating rates can surpass 2 kilograms per square meter, and the highest
reported short-term sweating rate is twice that high.

nov 2016

north AmericAn

SPectrUm.ieee.orG

We a re t he superst a rs of
sweating, and we need to be.
An amateur running the marathon at a slow pace will burn
700 to 800 W, and an experienced marathoner who covers
the 42.2 kilometers in 2.5 hours
will burn about 1,300 W.
And we have another advantage when we lose water: We
don't have to make up the deficit
instantly. Humans can tolerate
considerable temporary dehydration providing that they make
up the deficit within a day or so.
In fact, the best marathon runners drink only about 200 milliliters per hour during the race.
Together these advantages
allowed our ancestors to become
the unrivaled diurnal, hightemperature predator. They could
not outsprint an antelope, of course, but
during a hot day they could dog its heels
until it finally collapsed, exhausted.
Documented cases of such longdistance chases come from three continents and include some of the fleetest
quadrupeds. In North America, the
Tarahumara of northwestern Mexico
could outrun deer. Further north,
Paiutes and Navajos could exhaust
pronghorn antelopes. In South Africa,
Kalahari Basarwa ran down a variety
of antelopes (mostly duikers, gemsbok,
and kudus but also larger eland) and during the dry season even wildebeests and
zebras. In Australia, some Aborigines
would outrun kangaroos.
These runners even had an advantage
over modern runners using expensive
athletic shoes: Their barefoot running
not only reduced their energy costs by
about 4 percent (a nontrivial advantage on long runs) but it also exposed
them to fewer acute ankle and lowerleg injuries.
In the race of life, we humans are neither the fastest nor the most efficient. But
we are certainly the most persistent. ■
illustration by

Chad Hagen

http://SPectrUm.ieee.orG

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum November, 2016