IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 23
H ACK ING
=
''Playing Dirty''
//Automating computer
game play takes
cheating to a new-
and profitable-level//
<By David Kushner>
pHoto : JEff NEwtoN; DIGItAl IlluStrAtIoN: SANDbox StuDIo
Richard Thurman is like a lot of 35-year-old guys. unplugged his operation and took a programming
He's married. Has a couple kids. When he wants job with a major corporation, which he'd prefer not
to blow off steam, he flops into his chair in front to name. Now that he's out of his gaming business,
of his PC, and he fires up a computer game.
he agreed to give IEEE Spectrum an inside look at
But Thurman is no ordinary player. In the weird his pioneering automated gold-farming system. The
and burgeoning virtual universe, he's a former out- games today have changed, but the way a person
law. While earnest gaming geeks spend hours slay- profits from them remains very much the same.
ing dragons to earn booty playing Sony's EverQuest,
Blizzard Entertainment's World of Warcraft, and
layers and game makers despise the
other multiplayer online games, Thurman spent
kind of hacking that was Thurman's
years using his coding chops to cut to the chase:
specialty, because it makes their lives
rigging his computers to play games automatimore difficult. That doesn't bother
cally and rake in gold. It took three months and
Thurman. "I'm a metagamer," he says.
50 000 lines of code to pull off the feat. And it was "Game companies lay down their rules. Some
all perfectly legal, at least in the real world.
play by them, and some don't."
In December 2003, however, when a person
Thurman wasn't hacking for fun. In the new
or persons unknown of the gaming underworld online economy, virtual cash, earned in games by
began threatening Thurman's real-world family, he killing a monster or performing a service, has real-
P
www.spectrum.ieee.org
December 2007 | IEEE Spectrum | NA 33
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<h1>Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Spectrum December, 2007</h1>
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=Cover1'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - Cover1</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=Cover2'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - Cover2</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=1'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 1</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=2'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 2</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=3'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 3</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=4'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 4</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=5'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 5</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=6'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 6</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=7'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 7</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=8'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 8</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=9'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 9</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=10'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 10</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=11'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 11</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=12'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 12</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=13'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 13</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=14'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 14</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=15'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 15</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=16'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 16</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=17'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 17</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=18'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 18</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=19'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 19</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=20'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 20</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=21'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 21</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=22'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 22</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=23'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 23</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=24'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 24</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=25'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 25</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=26'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 26</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=27'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 27</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=28'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 28</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=29'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 29</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=30'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 30</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=31'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 31</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=32'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 32</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=33'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 33</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=34'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 34</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=35'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 35</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=36'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 36</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=37'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 37</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=38'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 38</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=39'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 39</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=40'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 40</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=41'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 41</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=42'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 42</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=43'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 43</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=44'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 44</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=45'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 45</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=46'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 46</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=47'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 47</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=48'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 48</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=49'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 49</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=50'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 50</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=51'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 51</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=52'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - 52</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=Cover3'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - Cover3</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1207/index.php?startid=Cover4'>IEEE Spectrum December, 2007 - Cover4</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1217'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1217</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1117'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1117</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1017'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1017</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0917'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0917</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0817'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0817</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0717'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0717</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0617'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0617</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0517'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0517</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0417'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0417</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0317'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0317</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0217'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0217</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0117'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0117</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1216'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1216</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1116'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1116</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1016'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1016</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0916'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0916</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0816'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0816</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0716'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0716</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0616'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0616</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0516'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0516</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0416'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0416</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0316'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0316</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0216'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0216</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0116'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0116</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1215'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1215</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1115'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1115</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1015'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1015</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0915'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0915</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0815'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0815</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0715'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0715</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0615'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0615</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0515'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0515</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0415'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0415</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0315'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0315</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0215'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0215</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0115'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0115</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1214'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1214</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1114'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1114</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1014'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1014</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0914'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0914</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0814'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0814</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0714'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0714</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0614'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0614</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0514'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0514</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0414'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0414</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0314'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0314</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0214'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0214</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0114'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0114</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1213'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1213</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1113'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1113</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1013'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1013</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0913'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0913</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0813'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0813</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0713'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0713</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0613'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0613</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0513'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0513</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0413'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0413</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0313'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0313</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0213'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0213</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0113'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0113</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1212'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1212</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1112'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1112</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1012'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1012</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0912'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0912</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0812'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0812</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0712'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0712</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0612'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0612</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0512'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0512</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0412'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0412</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0312'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0312</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0212'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0212</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0112'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0112</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1211'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1211</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1111'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1111</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1011'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_1011</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0911'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0911</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0811'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0811</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0711'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0711</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0611'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0611</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0511'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0511</a><br />
<a href='https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0411'>https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/spectrum_na_0411</a><br />
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