Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 23
ISMC
MCC
PCC
Asymmetric
Ratio
ACC
0.50
0.00
-0.50
rSMC
ESC
0.50
Optimal
Performance
Suboptimal
Performance
0.00
Poor
Performance
-0.50
(a)
ACC
MCC
ISMC
MCC
rSMC
MCC
rSMC
ISMC
PCC
ESC
ACC
ACC
ISMC
PCC
Optimal
Performance
rSMC
PCC
Suboptimal
Performance
ESC
ESC
Poor
Performance
(b)
Figure 7. Effective connectivity between independent EEG processes measured by GC at different levels of
behavioral performance. (a) Asymmetric ratios of causal flow (i.e., the difference between the outflow and
inflow). (b) Causal connectivity (i.e., the causal interaction between brain regions). ACC: anterior cingulate
cortex; MCC: midcingulate cortex; lSMC: left sensorimotor cortex; rSMC: right sensorimotor cortex; PCC:
posterior cingulate cortex; ESC: extrastriate cortex.
participants had declining vigilance and fatigue and
struggled to avoid behavioral lapses. Under such circumstances, more efforts were needed by subjects to
keep themselves engaged in the task, as evidenced by
the new connectivity from the midcingulate cortex to
the left or right sensorimotor cortex [Figure 7(b)]. Figure 7(c) shows that posterior cingulate cortex- and
extrastriate cor tex-related links va nished, which
might be related to the fading of consciousness [41].
These reductions of cortico cortical connectivity produce a cortical gate that disconnects the brain from
the external environment and blocks sensory inputs
[42]. These results provide new neural markers of
behavioral lapses to help -n euroengineers design a
driving assistance system.
Decision Fusion Technique for
Multimodal Information Translation
The fusion technique plays an important role in hybrid
BCIs that combine two or more sub-BCI systems with
-d ifferent input signa l sources. One -d istinguished
approach in the fusion research community is the D-S
[24], [25], a promising approach used to make a final
decision from multiaspect information. The D-S theory is a generalized variant of Bayesian probability theory that introduces the notion of assigning beliefs and
plausibilities to possible hypotheses of each decisionmaker along with the required combination rule to
fuse multimodality information. D-S theory allows
each source to incorporate information in different
levels of detail. This property is advantageous for
a ssigning a possibility ma ss to sets or inter va ls;
hence, the fusion system can efficiently consider both
stochastic (or objective) uncertainty and epistemic (or
subjective) uncertainty.
Consider, for example, two basic probability assignments, m 1 and m 2 . An optimal decision, m , can be made
by integrating various information from m 1 and m 2 via
Dempster's rule [24], [25] as follows:
1
m 1 5 m 2 ^ Ah = 1 - k
O c tob e r 2017
|
m 1 ^ B h m 2 ^C h,(8)
B+C= A
IEEE SYSTEMS, MAN, & CYBERNETICS MAGAZINE
23
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover1
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover2
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 1
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 2
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - 3
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Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover3
Systems, Man & Cybernetics - October 2017 - Cover4
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