IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 66

Soft Law Governance of Artificial Intelligence
[17] B. Adams and J. Larson, " Legislative History of the
Animal Welfare Act: Introduction. " Accessed: Nov. 19,
2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nal.usda.gov/
awic/legislative-history-animal-welfareact-introduction
[18] E. J. Emanuel et al., " Oversight of human participants
research: Identifying problems to evaluate reform
proposals, " Ann. Internal Med., vol. 141, no. 4,
pp. 282-291, 2004.
[19] C. Gunsalus et al., " The Illinois white paper:
Improving the system for protecting human subjects:
Counteracting IRB 'mission creep, " ' Qualitative Inquiry,
vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 617-649, 2007.
[20] R. Hagemann, J. Huddleston, and A. D. Thierer, " Soft
law for hard problems: The governance of emerging
technologies in an uncertain future, " Colorado Technol.
Law J., vol. 17, p. 37, Feb. 2018.
[21] S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Pearson
Education, 2002.
[22] A. D. Rayome, " Why 85% of AI projects fail, " Tech
Republic, Jun. 20, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.
techrepublic.com/article/why-85-of-ai-projects-fail/
[23] N. Bostrom, " Ethical issues in advanced artificial
intelligence, " in Science Fiction and Philosophy: From
Time Travel to Superintelligence, S. Schneider, Ed.
New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2003, pp. 277-284.
[24] N. Bostrom, " The superintelligent will: Motivation and
instrumental rationality in advanced artificial agents, "
Minds Mach., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 71-85, May 2012.
[25] A. H. Eden, J. H. Moor, J. H. Soraker, and E. Steinhart,
Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical
Assessment. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2013.
[26] R. Yampolskiy and J. Fox, " Safety engineering for
artificial general intelligence, " Topoi, vol. 32, no. 2,
pp. 217-226, 2013.
[27] E. Yudkowsky, " Artificial intelligence as a positive and
negative factor in global risk, " in Global Catastrophic
Risks, N. Bostrom and M. M. CĀ“ irkovicĀ“, Eds., vol. 1. New
York, NY, USA: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 303-345.
[28] E. A. Bankert and R. J. Amdur, Institutional Review
Board: Management and Function. Burlington, MA,
USA: Jones & Bartlett, 2006.
[29] H. Edgar and D. J. Rothman, " The institutional review
board and beyond: Future challenges to the ethics of
human experimentation, " Milbank Quart., vol. 73, no.
4, pp. 489-506, 1995.
[30] World Medical Association, " World Medical Association
Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical
research involving human subjects, " Bull. World Health
Org., vol. 79, no. 4, p. 373, 2001.
66
[31] D. B. Resnik and A. E. Shamoo, " The Singapore
statement on research integrity, " Accountability Res.,
vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 71-75, Mar. 2011.
[32] E. D. Pellegrino, " Medical professionalism: Can it,
should it survive? " J. Amer. Board Family Med., vol. 13,
no. 2, pp. 147-149, Mar. 2000.
[33] B. M. McLaren, " Extensionally defining principles and
cases in ethics: An AI model, " Artif. Intell., vol. 150, no.
1-2, pp. 145-181, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/S00043702(03)00135-8.
[34]
C. D. Newgard, " The paradox of human subjects
Protection in research: Some thoughts on and
experiences with the federalwide assurance program, "
Acad. Emergency Med., vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1426-1429,
Dec. 2002.
[35] G. E. Marchant and B. Allenby, " Soft law: New tools
for governing emerging technologies, " Bull. Atomic
Sci., vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 108-114, Mar. 2017, doi:
10.1080/00963402.2017.1288447.
[36] C. I. Gutierrez, " Identifying incentives for the
enforcement of artificial intelligence soft law programs, "
SSRN, Jul. 31, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.
com/ abstract=3897486, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3897486.
[37] A. Campbell and K. C. Glass, " The legal status of
clinical and ethics policies, codes, and guidelines in
medical practice and research, " McGill Law J., vol. 46,
p. 473, Feb. 2000.
[38] K. W. Abbott and D. Snidal, " Hard and soft law in
international governance, " Int. Org., vol. 54, no. 3, pp.
421-456, 2000.
[39] V. Ozdemir, " What to do when the risk environment
is rapidly shifting and heterogeneous? Anticipatory
governance and real-time assessment of social risks
in multiply marginalized populations can prevent IRB
mission creep, ethical inflation or underestimation of
risks, " Amer. J. Bioethics, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 65-68, 2009.
[40] R. F. White, " Institutional review board mission creep:
The common rule, social science, and the nanny
state, " Independ. Rev., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 547-564,
2007.
[41] M. Butzow, " Getting through the IRB: Covenant
medical center nursing research committee's
experience, " J. Emergency Nursing, vol. 21, no. 3,
pp. 262-263, Jun. 1995.
[42] C. De Angelis et al., " Clinical trial registration: A
statement from the International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors, " New England J. Med., vol. 351,
no. 12, pp. 1250-1251, Sep. 2004.
[43] L. N. Dyrbye et al., " Medical education research and
IRB review: An analysis and comparison of the IRB
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislative-history-animal-welfareact-introduction https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislative-history-animal-welfareact-introduction https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S00043702(03)00135-8 https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S00043702(03)00135-8 https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-85-of-ai-projects-fail/ https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-85-of-ai-projects-fail/ https://ssrn.com/abstract=3897486 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3897486

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021

Contens
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - Contens
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 4
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 5
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 6
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 7
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 8
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 9
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 10
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 11
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 12
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 13
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 14
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 15
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 16
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 17
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 18
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 19
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 20
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 21
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 22
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 23
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 24
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 25
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 26
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 27
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 28
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 29
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 30
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 31
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 32
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 33
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 34
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 35
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 36
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 37
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 38
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 39
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 40
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 41
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 42
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 43
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 44
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 45
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 46
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 47
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 48
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 49
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 50
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 51
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 52
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 53
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 54
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 55
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 56
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 57
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 58
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 59
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 60
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 61
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 62
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 63
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 64
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 65
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 66
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 67
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 68
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 69
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 70
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 71
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 72
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 73
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 74
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 75
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 76
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 77
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 78
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 79
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 80
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 81
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 82
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 83
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 84
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 85
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 86
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 87
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 88
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 89
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 90
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 91
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 92
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 93
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 94
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 95
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 96
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 97
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 98
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 99
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 100
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 101
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 102
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 103
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 104
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 105
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 106
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 107
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 108
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 109
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 110
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 111
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 112
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 113
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 114
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com