IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021 - 85

[42] R. Schwartz, " A proposal for identifying and
managing bias in artificial intelligence systems, "
NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Draft NIST Special
Publication 1270, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.6028/NIST.
SP.1270-draft
[43] IEEE Ethics in Action in Autonomous and Intelligent
Systems, IEEE. Accessed: Nov. 16, 2021. [Online].
Available: https://ethicsinaction.ieee.org/
[44] Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision for Prioritizing
Human Well-Being With Autonomous and Intelligence
Systems, Version 2, IEEE, Apr. 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://standards.ieee.org/industry-connections/ec/
autonomous-systems.html
[45] N. Duarte and S. Adams, " Just be ethical: High level
guidelines on AI are fine, but offer little guidance, "
Center for Democracy & Technology, Apr. 26, 2019.
[Online]. Available: https://cdt.org/insights/just-beethical-high-level-guidelines-on-ai-are-fine-but-offerlittle-guidance/
[46]
European Commission High Level Expert Group
on Artificial Intelligence, " Ethics Guidelines for
Trustworthy AI 36, " Apr. 8, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/
ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai
[47] EqualAI Checklist to Identify Bias in AI, EqualAI,
2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.equalai.org/
resources/
[48] C. Ress, " Algorithmic toolkit released to reduce bias
affecting residents from automated decisions made
by local governments, " Center for Government
Excellence, Johns Hopkins Univ., Sep. 17, 2018.
[Online]. Available: https://govex.jhu.edu/wiki/
center-for-government-excellence-releases-first-ofits-kind-algorithm-toolkit-to-reduce-bias-affectingresidents-from-automated-decisions-made-by-localgovernments/
[49]
Project Request Authorization ('PAR') Details: P7010,
§§ 5.2-5.5, IEEE SA, Nov. 7, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://development.standards.ieee.org/myprojectweb/
public/view.html#pardetail/7213
[50] IEEE SA, " IEEE 7010-2020-IEEE recommended
practice for assessing the impact of autonomous
and intelligent systems on human well-being, "
IEEE Xplore, May 1, 2020, doi: 10.1109/
IEEESTD.2020.9084219.
[51] IEEE SA, " IEEE 7010-2020-IEEE recommended
practice for assessing the impact of autonomous and
intelligent systems on human well-being, " § 6.5.5,
IEEE Xplore 37-38, May 1, 2020, doi: 10.1109/
IEEESTD.2020.9084219.
[52] IEEE SA, " IEEE 7010-2020-IEEE recommended
practice for assessing the impact of autonomous
and intelligent systems on human well-being, " § 6
& Annex A, §§ A.4-.5, IEEE Xplore 35-47 & 52-53,
May 1, 2020, doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2020.9084219.
[53] Algorithmic Bias Considerations, PAR § 5.2, Standard
P7003, IEEE SA, Feb. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://
standards.ieee.org/project/7003.html
[54] Recommended Practice for Organizational
Governance of Artificial Intelligence, Standard P2863,
IEEE SA, Feb. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://
standards.ieee.org/project/2863.html
[55] K. Lyons, " ICE just signed a contract with facial
recognition company Clearview AI, " The Verge, Aug.
14, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.theverge.
com/2020/8/14/21368930/clearview-ai-ice-contractprivacy-immigration
[56]
D. Harwell and E. Cox, " ICE has run facial-recognition
searches on millions of Maryland drivers, " Washington
Post, Feb. 26, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.
washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-hasrun-
has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millionsmaryland-drivers/
[57]
" Privacy impact assessment for the ICE use of facial
recognition services, " U.S. Dept. Homeland Secur.,
Washington, DC, USA, Tech. Rep. DHS/ICE/PIA-054,
May 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.dhs.gov/
publication/dhsicepia-054-ice-use-facial-recognitionservices
[58]
L. Lessig, Codes and Other Laws of Cyberspace,
vol. 60. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books, 1999.
[59] C. O'Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big
Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.
New York, NY, USA: Broadway Books, 2017,
pp. 30-31.
[60] R. Brauneis and E. P. Goodman, " Algorithmic
transparency for the smart city, " Yale J. Law Technol.,
vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 103-114 and 126-128, 2018.
[61] A. J. Casey and A. Niblett, " The death of rules and
standards, " Indiana Law J., vol. 92, no. 4, p. 1401, 2017.
[62] C. Coglianese and D. Lehr, " Regulating by robot:
Administrative decision making in the machinelearning
era, " Georgetown Law J., vol. 105, p. 1147,
Jun. 2017.
[63] Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission,
558 U.S. 310, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753, 2010.
[64] E. Kaili, Chair, Panel for the Future of Science and
Technology, European Parliament, Athens Roundtable,
supra note 7, Nov. 2020.
[65] U.S. Constitution Amendments I, IV, and XIV.
December 2021
85

https://standards.ieee.org/project/7003.html https://standards.ieee.org/project/7003.html https://ethicsinaction.ieee.org/ https://standards.ieee.org/project/2863.html https://standards.ieee.org/project/2863.html https://standards.ieee.org/industry-connections/ec/autonomous-systems.html https://standards.ieee.org/industry-connections/ec/autonomous-systems.html https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/14/21368930/clearview-ai-ice-contractprivacy-immigration https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/14/21368930/clearview-ai-ice-contractprivacy-immigration https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/14/21368930/clearview-ai-ice-contractprivacy-immigration https://www.cdt.org/insights/just-be-ethical- high-level-guidelines-on-ai-are-fine-but-offerlittle-guidance/ https://www.cdt.org/insights/just-be-ethical- high-level-guidelines-on-ai-are-fine-but-offerlittle-guidance/ https://www.cdt.org/insights/just-be-ethical- high-level-guidelines-on-ai-are-fine-but-offerlittle-guidance/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-has-run-has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millionsmaryland-drivers/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-has-run-has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millionsmaryland-drivers/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-has-run-has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millionsmaryland-drivers/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/26/ice-has-run-has-run-facial-recognition-searches-millionsmaryland-drivers/ https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ https://www.equalai.org/resources https://www.dhs.gov/publication/dhsicepia-054-ice-use-facial-recognition-services https://www.equalai.org/resources https://www.dhs.gov/publication/dhsicepia-054-ice-use-facial-recognition-services https://www.dhs.gov/publication/dhsicepia-054-ice-use-facial-recognition-services https://govex.jhu.edu/wiki/center-for-government-excellence-releases-first-ofits-kind-algorithm-toolkit-to-reduce-bias-affectingresidents-from-automated-decisions-made-by-localgovernments/ https://govex.jhu.edu/wiki/center-for-government-excellence-releases-first-ofits-kind-algorithm-toolkit-to-reduce-bias-affectingresidents-from-automated-decisions-made-by-localgovernments/ https://govex.jhu.edu/wiki/center-for-government-excellence-releases-first-ofits-kind-algorithm-toolkit-to-reduce-bias-affectingresidents-from-automated-decisions-made-by-localgovernments/ https://govex.jhu.edu/wiki/center-for-government-excellence-releases-first-ofits-kind-algorithm-toolkit-to-reduce-bias-affectingresidents-from-automated-decisions-made-by-localgovernments/ https://govex.jhu.edu/wiki/center-for-government-excellence-releases-first-ofits-kind-algorithm-toolkit-to-reduce-bias-affectingresidents-from-automated-decisions-made-by-localgovernments/ https://development.standards.ieee.org/myproject-web/public/view.html#pardetail/7213 https://development.standards.ieee.org/myproject-web/public/view.html#pardetail/7213

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - December 2021