IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Fall 2014 - 64
In terms of health and quality
of life in the urban environment,
noise pollution and its management
is a critical concern [2]. Responsibility for noise management lies
variously within municipal, state,
or federal government agencies,
generally relying on complaints for
notification, followed by manual
measurement by trained officers for
verification. Smartphone functionality provides a convenient mechanism
benefit), individualistic (direct benefit from self-collected data or data
supplied by others), or both (where
users contribute data and benefit
from associated service provision),
in addition to possible incentives
(financial or service based).
Important to PS viability is
the usefulness to the service provider. In this context, that role is
played by local government and
the determining factor is how the
In the urban environment, noise
pollution and its management
is a critical concern.
for sourcing user feedback and a
mechanism for engaging citizens,
in order to understand public perceptions of noise and urban sounds
[4], [5]. Noise management is
therefore used as a case study to
explore whether emerging Internetof-Things (IoT) technology, such
as smartphones and associated
cloud computing services [6], can
be effectively utilized for participatory sensing to enable greater citizen engagement and involvement
in local government processes.
This work considers the viability
of such emerging technological platforms, through the appropriate combination of technological design,
policy framework, and balance of
incentives and safeguards for implementing technological solutions at
the service of the person.
Participatory Sensing
Participatory sensing, also referred
to as people-centric sensing or crowd
sourcing, is the framework for largescale collection of user-supplied
data from mobile devices. It offers
the possibility of low-cost sensing of the environment localized to
the user. The data may then be presented either internally (within the
organization), privately (accessible
to participants or specified third parties), or publicly. Participant motivations may be altruistic (for collective
64
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PS supplied data is to be utilized
by the city. This can occur on many
levels depending on the quality of
data being supplied and operational
tasks that are being enabled, aided,
or enhanced by the provision of the
new information being streamed.
The usability of PS data contributions may include assisting officials
in enforcing public policy, where
PS data serves as supporting evidence. Lower quality data may only
be useful in an informative context,
providing insight into community
perceptions and potentially informing city policy or programs.
Citizen Empowerment
A functional PS platform, used
as a tool for informing users of all
aspects of their participation, has the
potential to transform the way citizens and service providers understand the choices that are available
to them and the impact of their
choices. Traditionally, this understanding has only been available to
large populations due to the lack of
fine-grained monitoring of infrastructure, services, and users. This
highlights the potential of citizens as
co-producers of improved services.
Utilizing PS as a means of
empowering citizens reflects the
objectives of citizen science and
participatory research to engage
groups or communities with issues
that directly affect them [7]. It is
differentiated from traditional surveillance by maintaining goals of
local control, participation, transparency, and social justice, with
the latter in particular setting it
apart from social or interpersonal
surveillance [8]. The empowerment
comes as a result of placing the
responsibility and control of data
collection and supply in the hands
of the users, giving them direct
input into the design, analysis, and
review of key questions posed in
the PS deployment. It shifts their
role from passive citizens, being
monitored and analyzed, to active
participants. While not necessarily
providing a dramatic shift in the
power balance between citizens,
government, and corporations, it
does offer citizens a new voice and
role within society. It also reduces
their reliance on external organizations to provide insights regarding
their local environment by providing them with the tools to perform
their own monitoring and analysis.
Citizen Engagement
Citizen engagement in public policy making and delivery occurs in
a variety of ways and for a variety
of purposes [9]. In democratic societies, citizen engagement is promoted as a way of enhancing the
quality of democracy by improving
trust relationships through closer
and more responsive interactions
between decision makers and citizens. Increased citizen participation is also promoted as a way of
securing improvements to quality
of life for current and future generations by drawing on citizens'
lived experiences to inform public
policy making and service delivery. Governments often explore
citizen engagement techniques
with excluded or marginalized
communities, in order to access
better information about community needs, build relationships, and
design more appropriate policies
and services. Current discussions
focus on citizens as "co-producers"
IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE
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FALL 2014
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