IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - Fall 2014 - 67

consent (effective communication of
usage conditions and implications,
with consent elicited in a manner
reflecting the level of understanding
and agreement) is essential for parity between users and organizers.
The user can only provide informed
consent if they are made adequately
aware of the system's operation and
their associated role and rights in
interacting with the system.
Operational Requirements
Governmental requirements with
respect to data quality, integrity,
reliability, and validity vary according to the operational needs of given
areas and levels of government.
Adequate policy frameworks are
necessary to detail these requirements in order to meet the needs of
government and protect the interests of citizens and the integrity of
the communication. The Victorian
Government Information Privacy
Act covers state government organizations, local councils, and private
organizations contracted by government. Relevant to PS application is
the sensing medium that itself may
reveal personal information such
as location, photographs, video,
and voice recordings from which a

person's identity can be reasonably
established. Where it is impractical to obtain individual informed
or written consent (such as large
events), adequately displayed notification is recommended. This allows
individuals to reconsider participation or request that images not be
used for publication (requiring editing measures or omission of the data
in question).
The City of Melbourne already
employs various strategies for
"community engagement" to involve

the medium through which this
engagement takes place.
Industry Self-Regulation
Faced with the task of providing
adequate privacy protection through
legislative frameworks, a number
of privacy authorities and industry
associations are advocating a suite
of solutions that might best balance
stakeholder interests. Even with
direct regulation and strong policy
frameworks, the global nature of
the supply chain leaves a substantial

Smartphone functionality provides
a convenient mechanism to engage
citizens, and to understand public
perceptions of urban noise levels.
the public in problem solving or
decision-making (linked closely
with the values and ethics of the
International Association for Public
Participation (IAP2)). These may
similarly serve dedicated PS campaigns, or indeed, PS may serve as
a supplement to existing engagement practices. This is precisely the
objective of PS while also delivering

reliance on self-regulation and direct
communication with consumers
to equip them with the knowledge
and control to exercise necessary
protections [34]. Measures include
accountability frameworks [35], as
well as privacy by design recommendations [36] promoting the consideration of privacy risks throughout the
design process through stakeholder

Table II
Privacy Levels Used And Description Provided to the User
Privacy Level 1
(No privacy)

Privacy Level 2
(Some privacy)

Privacy Level 3
(Neutral)

Privacy Level 4
(High privacy)

Privacy Level 5
(Private)

Maximum noise
level will be
collected every
second for 1 minute

Maximum noise
level will be
collected every 2
secs for
1 minute

Maximum noise
level will be
collected every 5
secs for
1 minute

Maximum noise
level will be
collected every 30
secs for
1 minute

This level
blocks all
information
from being
stored

Your GPS location
will be stored

Your GPS location
will be stored

Your approximate
GPS location will be
stored (2 km radius)

Your approximate
GPS location at city
level will be stored

Your MAC ID, Time,
Phone number and
Bluetooth devices in
the vicinity will be
recorded

Your MAC ID, Time,
Phone number and
Bluetooth devices in
the vicinity will be
recorded

Your Time and
Bluetooth devices
in the vicinity will
be recorded

Your Time will be
recorded

Your movements will
be monitored for
1 minute.

Your movements
(maximum, average)
will be recorded
every 2 seconds for
1 minute.

Your movements
(maximum, average)
will be recorded
every 10 seconds
for 1 minute.

Your movements
(maximum, average)
will be recorded
every
30 seconds for
1 minute.

IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

|

FALL 2014

|

67



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