IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 45

Consequently, the data retention
aspect of biometric systems poses
an additional challenge to the right to
privacy [25]. The more information a
biometric system has, the more reliable it is [26]. There is an incentive to
capture as much biometric data as
possible. That incentive can threaten individual privacy through "potential data misuse, function creep, and
linkage of databases via biometric databases" [27]. The ECtHR has
observed that personal data retention has "a direct impact on the
private-life interests of an individual
... irrespective of whether subsequent use is made of the data" [13].
In particular, the ECtHR took issue
with the "blanket and indiscriminate
nature of the power of [data] retention" [13]. That conclusion is at odds
with the need for a comprehensive
database in a biometric system. The
type of biometric information, and
the duration for which it is held, are
factors that will affect the permissibility of a given biometric surveillance program.

Melbourne Law School, and Prof.
R.E. Burnett of the National Defense
University, Washington, DC, for generously supporting his research on
this issue.

Author Information
Angus Willoughby is a member of
the Program on the Regulation of
Emerging Military Technologies at
the University of Melbourne. He has
completed law degrees at the University of Melbourne and the University of Cambridge.

References
[1] H. Weschler, "Biometric security and
privacy using smart identity management
and interoperability: Validation and vulnerabilities of various techniques," Rev. Policy
Res., vol. 63, 64, 2012.
[2] Department of Defense, "Project Management Department of Defense Biometrics," Program Executive Office: Intelligence Electronic Warfare & Sensors;
https://peoiews.ar my.mil/programs/
biometrics, accessed July 2017.
[3] Defense Forensics and Biometrics Agency,
2013-2014 Report, annual report; http://www
.dfba.mil/Files/Documents/Reports/DFBAReport-2013-14.pdf, accessed July 2017.
[4] N. Evans, S. Marcel, A. Ross, and A. Beng
Jin Teoh, "Biometrics security and privacy
protection," IEEE Signal Processing Mag.,
vol. 17, 2015.
[5] P. Tucker, "'Jihadi John' and the future
of biometrics terror hunt," Defense One,
Feb. 27, 2015; http://www.defenseone.com/
technology/2015/02/jihadi-john-and-futurebiometrics-terror-hunt/106263/?oref=dtopstory.
[6] United States Biometrics Task Force,
Annual Report FY09, 2009, pp. 30, 33.
[7] Office of Naval Research Science and
Technology Organization, Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
Thrust Area, United States Navy, 2017;
https://www.onr.navy.mil/en/ScienceTechnology/Departments/Code-30/AllPrograms/Intelligence-Surveillance-ISR.
[8] W. Arkin, Unmanned: Drones, Data,
and the Illusion of Perfect Warfare. Little,
Brown, 2015.
[9] D. Lyon, Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Polity, 2007, p. 14.
[10] P. O'Neil, "Complexity and counterterrorism: Thinking about biometrics," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol 28, pp. 547, 548, 2005.
[11] M. Milanovic, "Human rights treaties
and foreign surveillance: Privacy in the
Digital Age," Harvard Int. Law J., vol. 56,
pp. 81, 101, 2015.
[12] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, The Right to

Complex Privacy Issues
The increasing use and complexity
of biometric systems in the surveillance context raises a number of
complex privacy issues. This article
has attempted to identify three key
issues that arise in the context of
the right to privacy. Ultimately, these
concerns must be balanced against
whatever security dividends are
derived from implementing biometric systems in surveillance. There
will remain an inherent tension
between the right to privacy and biometric systems: the greater the efficacy of the system, the greater the
intrusion upon private life.

Acknowledgment
The author thanks Dr. Rain Liivoja and Prof. Tim McCormack of
the Program on the Regulation of
Emerging Military Technology and
SEPTEMBER 2017

∕

IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

Privacy in the Digital Age (OHCHR Report
2014), UN GAOR, 27th sess, Agenda Items 2
and 3, UN Doc A/HRC/27/37, June 30, 2014.
[13] S and Marper v United Kingdom,
European Court of Human Rights, Grand
Chamber, Application Nos. 30562/04 and
30566/04, Dec. 4, 2008.
[14] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Summary of
the Human Rights Council Panel Discussion on the Right to Privacy in the Digital
Age, UN GAOR, 28th sess, Agenda Items 2
and 3, UN Doc A/HRC/28/39, Dec. 19, 2014.
[15] F. Volio, "Legal personality, privacy,
and the family," in The International Bill of
Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, L. Henkin, Ed. New York, NY:
Columbia Univ. Press, 1981.
[16] N. Liu, Bio-Privacy: Privacy Regulations and the Challenge of Biometrics.
Routledge, 2012, p. 65.
[17] N. Belgacem et al, "A novel biometric
authentication approach to using ECG and
EMG signals," J. Medical Engineering &
Technology, vol. 39, no. 226, 2015.
[18] Klass & Ors v Germany, 2 Eur Court
HR (ser A) 16.
[19] Weber and Saravia v Germany, European Court of Human Rights, Court, Application
54934/00, 29 June 2006, 18, 1978.
[20] I. van de Ploeg, "The body as data
in the age of information," in Routledge
Handbook of Surveillance Studies, K.
Ball, D. Lyon, and K. Haggerty, Eds. Routledge,
2012.
[21] Human Rights Committee, Views:
Communication No 1482/2006, 93rd sess,
U.N. Doc CCPR/C/93/D/1482/2006, Sept. 2,
2008.
[22] Juhnke v Turkey, European Court of
Human Rights, Court (Fourth Section), Application no. 52515/99, May 13, 2008, pp. 14-15.
[23] I. Brown and D. Korff, "Terrorism and
the proportionality of Internet surveillance," Euro. J. Criminology, vol. 6, pp.
129, 129, 2009.
[24] Human Rights Committee, General
Comment No 16: Article 17 (The Right to
Respect of Privacy, Family, Home, and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and
Reputation), 32nd sess, U.N. doc. HRI/GEN/1/
Rev.9, vol I, Apr. 8, 1988.
[25] P. de Hert, "Biometrics and the challenges to human rights in Europe. Need
for regulation and regulatory distinctions,"
in Security and Privacy in Biometrics, P.
Campisi, Ed. Springer, 2013, pp. 370-373.
[26] A. Nait-Ali, "Hidden biometrics: Towards
using biosignals and biomedical images
for security applications," presented at 2011
7th Int. Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (Tipaza, Algeria), May
2011, p. 352.
[27] A. Cavoukian, M. Chibba, and A.
Stoianov, "Advances in biometric encryption: Taking privacy by design from academic research to deployment," Rev. Policy Res., vol. 29, pp. 37, 39, 2012.

45


https://peoiews.army.mil/programs/ http://www http://www.dfba.mil/Files/Documents/Reports/DFBA http://www.defenseone.com/ https://www.onr.navy.mil/en/Science

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - Cover1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - Cover2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 4
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 5
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 6
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 7
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 8
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 9
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 10
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 11
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 12
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 13
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 14
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 15
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 16
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 17
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 18
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 19
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 20
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 21
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 22
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 23
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 24
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 25
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 26
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 27
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 28
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 29
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 30
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 31
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 32
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 33
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 34
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 35
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 36
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 37
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 38
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 39
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 40
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 41
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 42
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 43
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 44
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 45
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 46
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 47
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 48
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 49
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 50
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 51
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 52
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 53
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 54
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 55
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 56
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 57
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 58
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 59
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 60
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 61
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 62
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 63
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 64
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 65
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 66
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 67
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 68
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 69
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 70
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 71
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 72
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 73
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 74
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 75
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 76
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 77
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 78
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 79
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 80
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 81
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 82
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 83
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 84
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 85
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 86
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 87
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - 88
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - September 2017 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com