IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - June 2018 - 8

in digital contexts, which is to say
through software, requires us to
revisit and re-evaluate them against
the affordances and constraints of
the tools we use. Digital Research
Confidential thus makes a strong
argument for both the practical and
analytical value of software and
data carpentry in the humanities
and social sciences.
The ten essays that follow the
introductory chapter can be roughly
divided into four categories. The first
two essays following the introduction
explore how database construction
shapes archival research practices.
Megan Sapnar Ankerson shares her
experience working with the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.
Initially taking the project's slogan
to "surf the web as it was" at face
value, Ankerson eventually realized
that some sites were reproduced in
a form that had never existed in the
first place due to the way that the
project's webcrawler tried to fill in
gaps in content by selecting temporarily adjacent versions of files with

selves a part of these debates in the
sense that what they capture, recreate, or wholly ignore reflect beliefs
held by its creators about what the
web would become. In the chapter
that follows, Vírág Molnár and Aron
Hsiao discuss a project on tracing
the evolution of flash mobs using
recordings published on YouTube.
In addition to sharing some of their
results, Molnár and Hsiao discuss
how they documented their retrieval
process in the interest of reproducibility, both so they could update
their work later but also so that others
might have a model to follow in similar projects. Yet when revisiting their
results after the initial capture period,
they discovered that YouTube's search
interface had been altered, leaving
them unable to reproduce their procedures. Like Ankerson, Molnár and
Hsiao's essay demonstrates how digital research methodologies are influenced even before a project begins by
technical decisions that researchers
ultimately have no control over. While
neither essay attempts to dissuade
researchers from using public databases, they both
point to a need to address
the fact that decisions made
in the name of efficiency or
There is now often little
usability often have consequences for researchers that
institutional reward for writing
are not anticipated by softabout how the broad integration
ware designers.
Three essays in the colof computing affects academic
lection discuss ethnographic
methods, each demonstratresearch about culture and behavior.
ing that close observation
of the social use of technolthe same name. Turning to debates
ogy requires creative adaptation to
taking place among web developthe various ways that technology is
ers in the late 1990s, Ankerson is
incorporated into our personal and
eventually able to connect the patworking lives. The first, by danah
terns of missing content resulting
boyd, discusses her work in docufrom the Internet Archive's retrieval
menting the roles that social media
algorithm to discussions about the
play in the lives of teenagers; hownorms of "good" web design. She
ever, boyd's essay rarely mentions
concludes by observing that the Waytechnology. As she explains, her interback Machine's algorithms are themviewing techniques reflect the ways

8

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

that technology flitters in and out
of their lives. While the Internet
re mains a significant conduit for
teenage social behavior, she notes
that it is rarely a focus of the narratives they tell about their lives.
For anyone already familiar with
boyd's work, this observation is not
new, but the chapter offers important
insights as to how she learned to
adapt her ethnographic interest in
computing to study a group that does
not spend much time thinking about
it. Technology also appears, at least
initially, to exist at the margins of
Paul M. Leonardi's essay on observing automobile engineers. Leonardi recounts his time conducting
field research within a private company, offering a wealth of practical
advice for every step of the process
from explaining the idea of software
as data in an Institutional Review
Board proposal, to gaining the trust
of management while on site. More
importantly for the aims of Hargittai
and Sandvig, Leonardi's work demonstrates the importance of incorporating a technological awareness
into his observational method, as
Leonardi is able to discover many
of the disagreements he documents
between engineers result from the
way their software resolves conflicts
when trying to integrate components
designed by different groups before
an impact test. Finally, Amy Bruckman, Kurt Luther, and Casey Fiesler's
essay examines the role of Institutional Review Boards in universities, placing many of the same ideas
raised in these two earlier essays
into a historical context, showing
how the social norms of online environments often diverge from the privacy and protection needs of offline
social contexts.
Crowdsourcing has already proved
effective in a number of research
contexts, but as a pair of essays here
show, the patterns of engagement
it affords may conflict with some
∕

june 2018



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