IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 31

WIKIMEDIA COMMONS/MATT BROWN

or that they lack interest in human relationships (particularly with close caregivers).

Autism Spectrum Disorder
According to biomedical science, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by widespread abnormalities in social interactions and communication, as well
as severely restricted interests and highly repetitive
behavior [41]. The diagnostic criteria for ASD included in
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) [41], refer to ASD as a single
diagnosis category that includes autistic disorder
(autism), Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder
not otherwise specified [41]. Autism is a very specific
difference in the ability to read social cues, understand
social interaction, and respond appropriately. In general
terms, the level of cognitive ability, intelligence, perception, use of language, degree of withdrawal, excitability, self-injury, and physical appearance will vary greatly
in autistic persons [43].
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD occurs in 1 in 68 children and is
almost five times more common among boys than girls:
1 in 42 boys versus 1 in 189 girls. While autism affects
march 2018

∕

more males than females, new research has begun to
look at the gender bias in the testing procedures for
autism, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation
Schedule (ADOS) and highlight different ways that
autism can be overlooked in females, for instance
through "camouflaging" techniques. Females with
autism for instance use gestures more frequently than
males with autism [44]. ASD behaviors include compulsions, echolalia, and motor mannerisms such as hand
flapping and body rocking [45].
DREAM is a consortium made up of engineers, computer scientists, psychotherapists and psychologists,
and ethicists. The robotics research is driven by the clinical team of psychologists and psychotherapists at the
Universitatea Babes¸-Bolyai in Romania. The members of
the clinical team are schooled in Applied Behavioral
Analysis (ABA), a learning theory based on behavioral
repetition and cognitive association. The DREAM project
uses a well-defined clinical psychotherapeutic method.
As children with autism have a deficit in social behaviors, three tasks have been identified as crucial to social
interaction, communication, and learning: turn-taking,
joint attention, and imitation. Turn-taking involves
reciprocal interaction with others and is necessary for
collaborative learning [21]. Imitation is a vital human

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018

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