IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 46
anthropological and sociological issues involved in
human/machine collaboration. It is also reasonable to
hope that developments in robot scientists will contribute to the philosophy of science: compared to traditional
approaches the development of robot scientists is constructive and objective.
In chess there is a continuum of ability from novices
up to Grandmasters. We argue that this is also true in science, from the simple research of Adam/Eve, through
what most human scientists can achieve, up to the ability
of a Newton or Einstein. If one accepts this, then just as in
chess, it is likely that advances in technology and our
understanding of science will drive the development of
ever-smarter robot scientists. To encourage research in
this area Hiroaki Kitano has called for new grand challenge for AI: to develop an AI system that can make major
scientific discoveries in biomedical sciences worthy of a
Nobel Prize [6]. This may sound fantastical, yet the Physics
Nobel Frank Wilczek is on record as saying that in 100
years' time the best physicist will be a machine [38]. If
this comes to pass, this will not only transform technology, but our understanding of science and the Universe.
Acknowledgment
The authors of this manuscript have been partially supported by the AdaLab project funded by EPSRC UK (EP/
M015661/1).
Author Information
Ross D. King is with the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Vlad Schuler Costa is with the School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
Chris Mellingwood is with the School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Larisa N. Soldatova is with the Computing Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, U.K.
References
[1] C. Glymour, "The automation of discovery," Daedelus, pp. 69-77,
Wint. 2004.
[2] B.G. Buchanan, G.L. Sutherland, and E.A. Feigenbaum, "Heuristic DENDRAL: A program for generating explanatory hypotheses
in organic chemistry," in Machine Intelligence 4, B. Meltzer and D.
Michie, Eds. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1969.
[3] P. Langley et al., Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Process. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1987.
[4] J.M. Zytkow, J. Zhu, and A. Hussam, "Automated discovery in a
chemistry laboratory," in Proc. 8th National Conf. Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-1990), 1990, pp. 889-894.
[5] R.E. Valdes-Perez, "Principles of human-computer collaboration
for knowledge discovery in science," Artificial Intelligence, vol.
107, pp. 335-346, Feb. 1999.
[6] H. Kitano, "Artificial intelligence to win the Nobel Prize and
beyond: Creating the engine for scientific discovery," AI Magazine,
vol. 16, pp. 39-49, Spr. 2016.
[7] P. Langley, "The computational support of scientific discovery,"
Int. J. Human-Comp. Stud, vol. 53, pp. 393-410, Sep. 2000.
46
[8] R.D. King et al., "The automation of science," Science, vol. 324,
pp. 85-89, Apr. 2009.
[9] K. Williams et al., "Cheaper faster drug development validated
by the repositioning of drugs against neglected tropical diseases,"
J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 12, pp. 1-9, Feb. 2015.
[10] K. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London, U.K.:
Hutchinson, 1972.
[11] R.D. King et al., "Functional genomic hypothesis generation
and experimentation by a robot scientist," Nature, vol. 427, pp. 247252, Jan. 2004.
[12] A. Sloman, The Computer Revolution in Philosophy. Sussex,
U.K.: Harvester, 1978.
[13] M. David, "The Correspondence Theory of Truth," in Stanford
Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, E.N. Zalta, Ed., Fall 2016.
[14] J. Owens, "Realism," in Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition 2004 CD. London, U.K.: Encyclopaedia Britannica UK, 2004.
[15] R. Carnap, "Intellectual autobiography," in Philosophy of
Rudolph Carnap., P. Schilpp, Ed. La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1963.
[16] M. Curd and J.A. Cover, Philosophy of Science: The Central
Issues. New York, NY: Norton, 1998.
[17] A. Miller, "Realism," in Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy,
E.N. Zalta, Ed. Wint. 2016.
[18] D. Gillies. Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method.
Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1996.
[19] R. Carnap. Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1958.
[20] D.A. Cohn, Z. Ghahramani, and M.I. Jordan, "Active learning
with statistical models," J. Artif. Intell. Res., vol. 4, pp. 129-145, Mar. 1996.
[21] I. Kasavin, T. Rockmore, and E. Blinov, "Social Epistemology,
Interdisciplinarity and Context," Epistemology and Philosophy of
Science, vol. 37, pp. 57-75, Jan. 2013.
[22] N. Cartwright, "Relativism in the philosophy of science," in Relativism: A Contemporary Anthology, M. Krausz, Ed. New York, NY:
Columbia Univ. Press, 2010, pp. 86-99.
[23] T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago,
IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1962.
[24] J. Searle, J. Minds, Brains and Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986.
[25] M. Davies. Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin
of the Computer. New York, NY: Norton, 2000.
[26] A. Turing, "Computing machinery and intelligence," Mind, vol.
59, pp. 433-460, Oct. 1950.
[27] J. Preston, "Review: 'Artificial intelligence and scientific method' and 'AI: essays at the interface'," British J. Philosophy Science, vol. 48, pp. 610-612, Dec. 1997.
[28] D.A. Mindell. Our Robots, Ourselves: Robotics and the Myths
of Autonomy. Viking, 2015.
[29] J.F. O'Hanlon, "Boredom: Practical consequences and a theory," Acta Psychologica, vol. 49, pp. 53-82, Oct. 1981.
[30] D.B. Kronenfeld et al., Eds., A Companion to Cognitive
Anthropology. London, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
[31] B. Latour, "Circulating reference," in Pandora's Hope: essays
on the reality of science studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ.
Press, 1999.
[32] M. Lynch, Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A Study
of Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory. London,
U.K.: Routledge, 1985.
[33] S. Schaffer and S. Shapin, Leviathan and the Air-Pump:
Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1985.
[34] B. Barnes, D. Bloor, and J. Henry, Scientific Knowledge: A
Sociological Analysis. London, U.K.: Athlone, 1996.
[35] Nature Editorial, "Reality check on reproducibility," Nature, vol.
533, pp. 437-438, 2016.
[36] M. Baker and D. Penny, "Is there a reproducibility crisis?,"
Nature, vol. 533, pp. 452-454, 2016.
[37] L.N. Soldatova et al., "An ontology for a robot scientist," Bioinformatics, vol. 22, pp. e464-471, 2006.
[38] F. Wilczek., Fantastic Realities: 49 Mind Journeys and a Trip to
Stockholm. Singapore: World Scientific, 2006.
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
∕
MARCH 2018
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018
Contents
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 1
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - Contents
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 4
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 5
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 6
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 7
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 8
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 9
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 10
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 11
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 12
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 13
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 14
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 15
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 16
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 17
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 18
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 19
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 20
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 21
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 22
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 23
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 24
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 25
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 26
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 27
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 28
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 29
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 30
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 31
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 32
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 33
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 34
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 35
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 36
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 37
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 38
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 39
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 40
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 41
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 42
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 43
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 44
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 45
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 46
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 47
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 48
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 49
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 50
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 51
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 52
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 53
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 54
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 55
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 56
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 57
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 58
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 59
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 60
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 61
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 62
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 63
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 64
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 65
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 66
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 67
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 68
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 69
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 70
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 71
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 72
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 73
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 74
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 75
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 76
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 77
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 78
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 79
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 80
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 81
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 82
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 83
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 84
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 85
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 86
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 87
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 88
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 89
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 90
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 91
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - 92
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - Cover3
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2018 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_winter2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_fall2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_summer2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/technologysociety_spring2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com