IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2020 - 14

Cohen's d: 1

-3

-3

-2

-2.5

-2

-1

-1.5

0

-1

-0.5

1
Cohen's d: 0.4

0

0.5

2

1

3

1.5

2

4

2.5

3

FIGURE 1. Approximate gender differences in interest in mechanics, electronics and engineering (top) and physical sciences, natural
sciences, mathematics, and computer science (bottom). Based on data from Su and Rounds [18], visualization of effect sizes from work
by Kristoffer Magnusson.

of opportunities and encouragement
of behaviors and choices consistent with stereotypes. Research has
found that parents generally endorse
the cultural stereotype that high
achievement in math is more "natural" for boys than for girls [6]. Chhin
and colleagues [3] report that parental expectations have a long-term
impact on the constraints of their
children's occupational choices. Children as young as 6 years old show
beliefs that high-level intellectual
"brilliance" is more typical of boys
than girls, whereas being "nice" the
opposite [1]. Helen Watt's research
among Australian adolescents [21]

14

confirms the importance of higher
intrinsic values and self-perceptions
of mathematical talent and success
expectancies in subsequent selection of higher math courses. Girls
rated those aspects significantly
lower than boys did, despite comparable levels of actual prior mathematical achievement, while there were
no general differences on math utility value. Girls' perceptions of math
as difficult impacted on their level
of participation in more advanced
math courses.
There are also social expectations regarding what is a good life.
Role congruity theory postulates
IEEE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MAGAZINE

that an individual will be positively
evaluated when their characteristics
match with their group's stereotype
or typical social roles, while an incongruity may lead to less positive evaluations [4, 5]. Double blind is a term
that describes a situation when a
person struggles to meet two contradictory demands, in which fulfilling
one means a failure in the other, as
those are mutually exclusive. Women
in various traditionally male professional roles may experience a gender specific double blind. Two types
of bias may occur here, descriptive:
a stereotype of women as having
less of a given "masculine" ability or
∕

MARCH 2020



IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2020

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