IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022 - 43

Reflection on the
Relationship Between
Societies and
Technologies: The
" Global Networked
Heterogeneous
Co-Construction "
Morteza Rahimi, Mostafa Taqavi, and
Amin Shafikhani
Department of Philosophy of Science,
Sharif University of Technology,
Tehran 1458889694, Iran
 The shorT hisTory of the philosophy of
technology has witnessed different and sometimes
contradictory views about the relationship
between society and modern technology, from the
approaches that believe in technological determinism
to those which believe in the deep influence
of society on technology [5]. One famous example
of technological determinism has emerged from
autonomist approaches toward technology. In this
approach, the development of modern technology
is based on a special kind of internal logic and cannot
be controlled by any element other than modern
technology itself, such as human society. The autonomous
approach, as seen in the works of the French
thinker Ellul [8], therefore gives no role to human
society and to elements such as politics, the economy,
social groups interests, and so on. As Brey [1]
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MTS.2022.3148571
Date of current version: 9 March 2022.
March 2022
claims, the emergence of " science and technology
studies (STS), " which occurred in the 1980s, challenged
all these deterministic approaches.
STS emerged as a new field of study under the
influence of some developments in the philosophical
approaches to science. This approach, that has
a special focus on the sociology of science and
technology, was a result of the marginalization of
positivism, the previously dominant approach in
the philosophy of science. Logical positivism claims
that science has rationality and undergoes progress.
Investigating scientific theories, a scientist deals with
the real world with certain logical methods and can
therefore provide pure scientific theories about the
objective world without being intermingled with
subjective elements. In this approach, society and
social elements-such as politics and religion-are
considered to be external and disruptive to scientific
research. Critics of this approach can be considered
0278-0097/22©2022 IEEE
43

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022

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