IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022 - 47

Figure 5. Some HEs in a given society
co-constructing by mediation of different
technologies existing in that society.
Figure 3. Hughes's systems approach
scheme.
Figure 4. Law's heterogeneous
engineering approach scheme.
philosophy of technology toward the " relationship
between technology and society. " Here, drawing
upon the three approaches of SCOT, systems, and
heterogeneous engineering, and mostly based on
the ideas of Andrew Feenberg, we attempt to present
a new model for the relationship between technology
and society-more precisely, the relationship
between technology and HEs.
March 2022
Co-construction of HEs and technology
As discussed, the heterogeneous engineering
approach offered by Law is a more comprehensive
approach than that of Pinch-Bijker and Hughes.
Nevertheless, a true understanding about the relationship
between HEs and technology requires more
precise research. In this essay, Feenberg's approach
is used to provide a more profound explanation
about the relationship between HEs and technology.
To achieve this end, his " Ten Paradoxes of Technology, "
which is the title of an article about ten common
but false understandings about technology, is
very beneficial. The word paradox refers to common
misconceptions about the technologies that
surround us-misunderstandings which cause our
minds to deviate from attaining a true understanding
of technology. We can achieve a better understanding
about the relationship between HEs and technology
with the awareness of these paradoxes.
The first step is studying " the parts and the whole "
paradox. Someone may understand the whole just
as a collection of the parts or of the function of these
parts. Whereas, in fact, the whole is a reality beyond
the totality of the parts. Accordingly, to have a true
understanding of technology, one needs to see it as
a unique " whole " along with factors that are related
to it. This whole has undergone a broad historical
evolution in the course of time [9]; the evolution has
to be taken into account to achieve a true understanding
of the whole. Therefore, the first step is to
consider the technology alongside all of its heterogeneous
builders as a unique whole, whose parts are
interconnected.6
6We will further explain how these parts are related to each other.
47

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine - March 2022

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